Flea head, nerve cord, hindgut and malpighian tubule nucleic acid molecules, proteins and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to flea head, nerve cord, hindgut and Malpighian tubule proteins; to flea head, nerve cord, hindgut and Malpighian tubule nucleic acid molecules, including those that encode such flea head, nerve cord, hindgut and Malpighian tubule proteins; to antibodies raised against such flea head, nerve cord, hindgut and Malpighian tubule proteins; and to compounds that inhibit flea head, nerve cord, hindgut and Malpighian tubule protein activity. The present invention also includes methods to obtain such proteins, nucleic acid molecules, antibodies, and inhibitory compounds. Also included in the present invention are therapeutic compositions comprising proteins, nucleic acid molecules, antibodies, or protective compounds derived from proteins of the present invention as well as the use of such therapeutic compositions to protect animals from flea infestation. Also included in the present invention is the use of flea head, nerve cord, hindgut and Malpighian tubule proteins to derive inhibitory compounds.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/319,414, filed Jul. 22, 2002, entitled “FLEA HEAD, NERVE CORD, HINDGUT AND MALPIGHIAN TUBULE NUCLEIC ACID MOLECULES, PROTEINS AND USES THEREOF,” which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention relates to nucleic acid molecules isolated from the head and nerve cord of a flea, nucleic acid molecules isolated from the hindgut and Malpighian tubule of a flea, proteins encoded by such nucleic acid molecules, antibodies raised against such proteins, and inhibitors of such proteins. The present invention also includes therapeutic compositions comprising such nucleic acid molecules, proteins, antibodies, and/or other inhibitors, as well as uses thereof.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Flea infestation of animals is a health and economic concern to pet owners. In particular, the bites of fleas are a problem for animals maintained as pets because the infestation becomes a source of annoyance not only for the pet but also for the pet owner who may find his or her home generally contaminated with insects. Fleas are known to directly cause a variety of diseases, including allergies, and also carry a variety of infectious agents including, but not limited to, endoparasites (e.g., nematodes, cestodes, trematodes and protozoa), bacteria and viruses. As such, fleas are a problem not only when they are on an animal but also when they are in the general environment of the animal.

[0004] Bites from fleas are a particular problem on many animals because they can cause a hypersensitive response in animals which is manifested as disease. For example, bites from fleas can cause an allergic disease called flea allergic (or allergy) dermatitis (FAD). A hypersensitive response in animals typically results in localized tissue inflammation and damage, causing substantial discomfort to the animal.

[0005] The medical importance of flea infestation has prompted the development of reagents capable of controlling flea infestation. Commonly encountered methods to control flea infestation are generally focused on use of insecticides, which are often unsuccessful for one or more of the following reasons: (1) failure of owner compliance (frequent administration is required); (2) behavioral or physiological intolerance of the pet to the pesticide product or means of administration; and (3) the emergence of flea populations resistant to the prescribed dose of pesticide.

[0006] Thus, there remains a need to develop a reagent and a method to protect animals from flea infestation.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] The present invention relates to a novel product and process for protection of animals from flea infestation.

[0008] The present invention provides flea head and nerve cord (HNC) proteins and flea hindgut and Malpighian tubule (HMT) proteins; nucleic acid molecules encoding flea HNC proteins and flea HMT proteins; antibodies raised against such proteins (i.e., anti-flea HNC antibodies and anti-flea HMT antibodies respectively); mimetopes of such proteins or antibodies; and compounds that inhibit flea HNC or HMT activity (i.e., inhibitory compounds or inhibitors).

[0009] The present invention also includes methods to obtain such proteins, mimetopes, nucleic acid molecules, antibodies and inhibitory compounds. The present invention also includes the use of proteins and antibodies to identify such inhibitory compounds as well as assay kits to identify such inhibitory compounds. Also included in the present invention are therapeutic compositions comprising proteins, mimetopes, nucleic acid molecules, antibodies and inhibitory compounds of the present invention including protective compounds derived from a protein of the present invention that inhibit the activity of HNC and/or HMT proteins; also included are uses of such therapeutic compounds to reduce flea infestation.

[0010] One embodiment of the present invention is an isolated nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes with a nucleic acid molecule selected from the group consisting of a nucleic acid sequence of Table I and/or Table II, or a nucleic acid sequence complementary to a nucleic acid sequence of Table I and/or Table II under conditions that allow less than or equal to 30% base pair mismatch.

[0011] Another embodiment of the present invention is an isolated nucleic acid molecule having a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 70% identical to a nucleic acid sequence of Table I and/or Table II or complements thereof as well as fragments of such sequences.

[0012] The present invention also relates to recombinant molecules, recombinant viruses and recombinant cells that include a nucleic acid molecule of the present invention. Also included are methods to produce such nucleic acid molecules, recombinant molecules, recombinant viruses and recombinant cells.

[0013] Another embodiment of the present invention includes an isolated flea HMT and/or HNC protein that is at least 70% identical to an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence of Table I and/or Table II, and fragments thereof, wherein such fragments can elicit an immune response against respective flea proteins or have activity comparable to respective flea proteins.

[0014] Another embodiment of the present invention includes an isolated protein encoded by a nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes with the complement of a nucleic acid sequence of Table I and/or Table II, under conditions that allow less than or equal to 30% base pair mismatch.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0015] The present invention provides for nucleic acid molecules isolated from the head and/or nerve cord of a flea, nucleic acid molecules isolated from the hindgut and/or Malpighian tubule of a flea, proteins encoded by such nucleic acid molecules, antibodies raised against such proteins, and inhibitors of such proteins. As used herein, nucleic acid molecules isolated from the head and/or nerve cord of a flea and proteins encoded by such nucleic acid molecules are also referred to as flea HNC, or HNC, nucleic acid molecules and proteins respectively; and nucleic molecules isolated from the hindgut and/or Malpighian tubules of a flea and proteins encoded by such nucleic acid molecules are referred to as flea HMT or HMT, nucleic acid molecules and proteins respectively. HNC nucleic acid molecules and HMT nucleic acid molecules of the present invention are nucleic acid molecules that are primarily expressed in flea HNC tissues and HMT tissues respectively, but which may be expressed in cells derived from flea tissues other than HNC and HMT. HNC and HMT nucleic acid molecules and proteins of the present invention can be isolated from a flea or prepared recombinantly or synthetically. HMT and HNC nucleic acid molecules of the present invention can be RNA or DNA; examples of nucleic acid molecules include, but are not limited to, complementary DNA (cDNA) molecules, genomic DNA molecules, synthetic DNA molecules, DNA molecules which are specific tags for messenger RNA derived from HMT and HNC tissues, and corresponding mRNA molecules. As such, a flea nucleic acid molecule of the present invention is not intended refer to an entire chromosome within which such a nucleic acid molecule is contained, however, a flea HMT or HNC cDNA of the present invention may include all regions such as regulatory regions that control production of flea peritrophin proteins encoded by such a cDNA (such as, but not limited to, transcription, translation or post-translation control regions) as well as the coding region itself, and any introns or non-translated coding regions. As used herein, the phrases “HMT and/or HNC protein” and “HMT and HNC protein” refer to a protein expressed by a flea HMT tissue, by a flea HNC tissue, or by both flea HMT and HNC tissues. As used herein, the phrases “HMT and/or HNC nucleic acid molecule” and “HMT and HNC nucleic acid molecule” refer to a nucleic acid molecule that can be isolated from a HMT cDNA library, from a HNC cDNA library, or from both libraries, or a gene corresponding thereto.

[0016] The present invention also provides for HMT and HNC DNA molecules that are specific tags for messenger RNA molecules derived from HMT and HNC tissues. Such DNA molecules can correspond to an entire or partial sequence of a messenger RNA, and therefore, a DNA molecule corresponding to such a messenger RNA molecule (i.e. a cDNA molecule), can encode a full-length or partial-length protein. A nucleic acid molecule encoding a partial-length protein can be used directly as a probe or indirectly to generate primers to identify and/or isolate a cDNA nucleic acid molecule encoding a corresponding, or structurally related, full-length protein. Such a partial cDNA nucleic acid molecule can also be used in a similar manner to identify a genomic nucleic acid molecule, such as a nucleic acid molecule that contains the complete gene including regulatory regions, exons and introns. Methods for using partial HMT and HNC cDNA molecules and sequences to isolate full-length transcripts and corresponding cDNA molecules are described in the examples herein below.

[0017] The proteins and nucleic acid molecules of the present invention can be obtained from their natural source, or can be produced using, for example, recombinant nucleic acid technology or chemical synthesis. Also included in the present invention is the use of these proteins and nucleic acid molecules as well as antibodies and inhibitory compounds thereto as therapeutic compositions to protect animals from flea infestation as well as in other applications, such as those disclosed below.

[0018] Flea HMT and HNC proteins and nucleic acid molecules of the present invention have utility because they represent novel targets for anti-arthropod vaccines and chemotherapeutic drugs. The products and processes of the present invention are advantageous because they enable the inhibition of arthropod development, metamorphosis, feeding, digestion and/or reproduction processes that involve HMT and/or HNC proteins.

[0019] The head and nerve cord of the flea, including antennae, brain, corpora cardiacum, corpora allata, and subesophageal and abdominal ganglion tissues are of interest as such tissues are highly enriched for transcripts that encode neuronal and endocrine targets, as well as targets involved in chemosensory and mechanosensory reception. By sequencing cDNA fragments from a library enriched in flea head and nerve cord nucleic acid sequences (referred to herein as HNC nucleic acid sequences), genes, and their respective full-length coding regions, integrally involved with flea neuronal and endocrine function are identified. Once identified, these genes can be further characterized and specific interference strategies are designed. As such, flea HNC proteins and nucleic acid molecules of the present invention have utility because they represent novel targets for anti-arthropod vaccines and chemotherapeutic drugs.

[0020] Blood-feeding insects such as fleas ingest large quantities of blood relative to their body weight and, as such, are adapted to reduce the volume of the ingested blood meal through the rapid elimination of water. In addition, the concentrations of sodium, potassium, and chloride ions in the blood meal are greater than in the hemolymph of fleas, necessitating the excretion of excessive amounts of these ions. The active transport of these ions from the hemolymph into the lumens of the Malpighian tubules and the hindgut drives the passive transport of water and other hemolymph contents into these organs as well. While passing through these organs, waste products from the hemolymph are excreted and needed nutrients, water, and salts are reabsorbed. As such, interfering with these essential processes is an important strategy for developing a product for controlling flea populations. By sequencing cDNA fragments from a library enriched in hindgut and Malpighian tubule nucleic acid sequences (referred to herein as HMT nucleic acid sequences), genes integrally involved with these processes, and their respective full-length coding regions, are identified. Once identified, these genes are further characterized and specific interference strategies can be designed. As such, flea HMT proteins and nucleic acid molecules of the present invention have utility because they represent novel targets for anti-arthropod vaccines and chemotherapeutic drugs.

[0021] One embodiment of the present invention is an isolated protein that includes a flea HMT and/or HNC protein. It is to be noted that the term “a” or “an” entity refers to one or more of that entity; for example, a protein, a nucleic acid molecule, an antibody and a therapeutic composition refers to “one or more” or “at least one” protein, nucleic acid molecule, antibody and therapeutic composition respectively. As such, the terms “a” (or “an”), “one or more” and “at least one” can be used interchangeably herein. It is also to be noted that the terms “comprising”, “including”, and “having” can be used interchangeably. According to the present invention, an isolated, or biologically pure, protein, is a protein that has been removed from its natural milieu. As such, “isolated” and “biologically pure” do not necessarily reflect the extent to which the protein has been purified. An isolated protein of the present invention can be obtained from its natural source, can be produced using recombinant DNA technology, or can be produced by chemical synthesis.

[0022] As used herein, isolated flea HMT and/or HNC proteins of the present invention can be full-length proteins or any homologue of such proteins. An isolated protein of the present invention, including a homologue, can be identified in a straight-forward manner by the protein's ability to elicit an immune response against a flea HMT and/or HNC protein or by the protein's HMT and/or HNC activity. Examples of flea HMT and HNC homologue proteins include flea HMT and HNC proteins in which amino acids have been deleted (e.g., a truncated version of the protein, such as a peptide), inserted, inverted, substituted and/or derivatized (e.g., by glycosylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, myristoylation, prenylation, palmitoylation, amidation and/or addition of glycerophosphatidyl inositol) such that the homologue includes at least one epitope capable of eliciting an immune response against a flea HMT or HNC protein, and/or of binding to an antibody directed against a flea HMT or HNC protein. That is, when the homologue is administered to an animal as an immunogen, using techniques known to those skilled in the art, the animal will produce an immune response against at least one epitope of a natural flea HMT or HNC protein. The ability of a protein to effect an immune response can be measured using techniques known to those skilled in the art. As used herein, the term “epitope” refers to the smallest portion of a protein or other antigen capable of selectively binding to the antigen binding site of an antibody or a T cell receptor. It is well accepted by those skilled in the art that the minimal size of a protein epitope is about four to six amino acids. As is appreciated by those skilled in the art, an epitope can include amino acids that naturally are contiguous to each other as well as amino acids that, due to the tertiary structure of the natural protein, are in sufficiently close proximity to form an epitope. According to the present invention, an epitope includes a portion of a protein comprising at least 4 amino acids, at least 5 amino acids, at least 6 amino acids, at least 10 amino acids, at least 15 amino acids, at least 20 amino acids, at least 25 amino acids, at least 30 amino acids, at least 35 amino acids, at least 40 amino acids or at least 50 amino acids in length.

[0023] In one embodiment of the present invention a flea homologue protein has HMT or HNC activity, i.e. the homologue exhibits an activity similar to its natural counterpart. Methods to detect and measure such activities are known to those skilled in the art.

[0024] Flea HMT and/or HNC homologue proteins can be the result of natural allelic variation or natural mutation. Flea HMT and/or HNC protein homologues of the present invention can also be produced using techniques known in the art including, but not limited to, direct modifications to the protein or modifications to the gene encoding the protein using, for example, classic or recombinant DNA techniques to effect random or targeted mutagenesis.

[0025] Flea HMT and HNC proteins of the present invention are encoded by flea HMT and HNC nucleic acid molecules, respectively. As used herein, flea HMT and HNC nucleic acid molecules include nucleic acid sequences related to natural flea HMT and HNC genes, and, preferably, to Ctenocephalides felis HMT and HNC genes. As used herein, flea HMT and HNC genes include all regions such as regulatory regions that control production of flea HMT and HNC proteins encoded by such genes (such as, but not limited to, transcription, translation or post-translation control regions) as well as the coding region itself, and any introns or non-translated coding regions. As used herein, a nucleic acid molecule that “includes” or “comprises” a sequence may include that sequence in one contiguous array, or may include the sequence as fragmented exons such as is often found for a flea gene. As used herein, the term “coding region” refers to a continuous linear array of nucleotides that translates into a protein. A full-length coding region is that coding region that is translated into a full-length, i.e., a complete protein as would be initially translated in its natural millieu, prior to any post-translational modifications. TABLE I represents a variety of flea HNC nucleic acid molecules of the present invention. SEQ ID NO Name 1 2227-82HNC 2 2228-51HNC 3 2229-06HNC 4 2229-42HNC 5 2245-07HNC 6 2245-93HNC 7 2247-04HNC 8 2229-44HNC 9 2249-09HNC 10 2249-10HNC 11 2251-09HNC 12 2215-13HNC 13 2218-39HNC 14 2218-82HNC

[0026] TABLE II represents a variety of flea HMT nucleic acid molecules of the present invention. SEQ ID NO: Name 15 2084-03HMT 16 2084-27HMT 17 2084-41HMT 18 2084-45HMT 19 2084-47HMT 20 2084-49HMT 21 2084-51HMT 22 2085-10HMT 23 2085-23HMT 24 2085-25HMT 25 2085-41HMT 26 2085-57HMT 27 2086-22HMT 28 2087-18HMT 29 2088-24HMT 30 2088-27HMT 31 2088-30HMT 32 2088-51HMT 33 2088-53HMT 34 2089-52HMT 35 2091-32HMT 36 2091-62HMT 37 2092-34HMT 38 2093-57HMT 39 2094-14HMT 40 2094-18HMT 41 2094-46HMT 42 2094-61HMT 43 2095-14HMT 44 2095-25HMT 45 2095-50HMT 46 2102-06HMT 47 2102-25HMT 48 2102-26HMT 49 2103-15HMT 50 2104-14HMT 51 2104-16HMT 52 2105-04HMT 53 2105-07HMT 54 2105-25HMT 55 2105-41HMT 56 2106-10HMT 57 2107-21HMT 58 2107-36HMT 59 2108-08HMT 60 2108-12HMT 61 2108-22HMT 62 2124-03HMT 63 2154-17HMT 64 2154-18HMT 65 2154-49HMT 66 2154-52HMT 67 2154-55HMT 68 2154-57HMT 69 2156-05HMT 70 2156-57HMT 71 2157-40HMT 72 2158-08HMT 73 2158-20HMT 74 2158-78HMT 75 2159-78HMT 76 2160-38HMT 77 2160-87HMT 78 2162-16HMT 79 2162-20HMT 80 2162-74HMT 81 2166-25HMT 82 2167-46HMT 83 2169-34HMT 84 2171-31HMT 85 2171-81HMT 86 2173-28HMT 87 2173-61HMT 88 2175-12HMT 89 2175-26HMT 90 2175-77HMT 91 2177-26HMT 92 2177-42HMT 93 2177-50HMT 94 2177-82HMT 95 2181-65HMT 96 2181-85HMT 97 2183-34HMT 98 2183-77HMT 99 2183-90HMT 100 2187-45HMT 101 2188-28HMT 102 2188-75HMT 103 2191-26HMT 104 2191-66HMT 105 2192-23HMT 106 2192-42HMT 107 2193-50HMT 108 2194-30HMT 109 2194-37HMT 110 2195-34HMT 111 2195-80HMT 112 2196-04HMT 113 2196-29HMT 114 2197-24HMT 115 2202-47HMT 116 2205-78HMT 117 2253-02HMT 118 2253-05HMT 119 2253-07HMT 120 2253-21HMT 121 2253-73HMT 122 2253-82HMT 123 2253-83HMT 124 2253-84HMT 125 2253-96HMT 126 2254-23HMT 127 2254-24HMT 128 2254-29HMT 129 2254-40HMT 130 2254-53HMT 131 2254-57HMT 132 2254-71HMT 133 2254-85HMT 134 2254-87HMT 135 2254-92HMT 136 2255-14HMT 137 2255-15HMT 138 2255-20HMT 139 2255-21HMT 140 2255-34HMT 141 2255-52HMT 142 2255-61HMT 143 2255-72HMT 144 2255-80HMT 145 2256-05HMT 146 2085-58HMT 147 2086-20HMT 148 2086-53HMT 149 2087-06HMT 150 2088-05HMT 151 2088-17HMT 152 2089-10HMT 153 2092-40HMT 154 2094-33HMT 155 2094-47HMT 156 2103-28HMT 157 2103-58HMT 158 2104-23HMT 159 2104-59HMT 160 2105-09HMT 161 2106-14HMT 162 2156-03HMT 163 2156-14HMT 164 2161-46HMT 165 2162-93HMT 166 2175-18HMT 167 2185-19HMT 168 2191-92HMT 169 2195-06HMT 170 2196-61HMT 171 2253-13HMT 172 2253-16HMT 173 2253-19HMT 174 2253-27HMT 175 2253-40HMT 176 2253-56HMT 177 2253-68HMT 178 2253-78HMT 179 2253-87HMT 180 2253-92HMT 181 2254-43HMT 182 2254-45HMT 183 2254-51HMT 184 2254-54HMT 185 2254-66HMT 186 2254-88HMT 187 2254-96HMT 188 2255-17HMT 189 2255-19HMT 190 2255-23HMT 191 2255-25HMT 192 2255-32HMT 193 2255-39HMT 194 2255-41HMT 195 2255-45HMT 196 2255-60HMT 197 2255-62HMT 198 2255-67HMT 199 2255-77HMT 200 2255-79HMT 201 2255-82HMT 202 2256-12HMT 203 2256-22HMT 204 2256-46HMT 205 2256-54HMT 206 2256-58HMT 207 2256-64HMT 208 2229-13HMT 209 2229-17HMT 210 2229-20HMT 211 2229-31HMT 212 2229-33HMT 213 2229-34HMT 214 2232-63HMT 215 2232-70HMT 216 2232-81HMT 217 2232-96HMT 218 2233-03HMT 219 2233-04HMT 220 2233-09HMT 221 2233-14HMT 222 2233-20HMT 223 2233-33HMT 224 2233-38HMT 225 2233-39HMT 226 2233-48HMT 227 2233-54HMT 228 2233-56HMT 229 2233-60HMT 230 2233-64HMT 231 2233-70HMT 232 2233-71HMT 233 2233-75HMT 234 2233-76HMT 235 2233-77HMT 236 2233-92HMT 237 2233-95HMT 238 2234-08HMT 239 2234-15HMT 240 2234-17HMT 241 2234-18HMT 242 2234-30HMT 243 2234-33HMT 244 2234-35HMT 245 2234-37HMT 246 2234-57HMT 247 2234-65HMT 248 2240-04HMT 249 2241-07HMT 250 2241-08HMT 251 2241-09HMT 252 2229-71HMT 253 2229-86HMT 254 2230-04HMT 255 2230-09HMT 256 2230-12HMT 257 2230-13HMT 258 2230-30HMT 259 2230-31HMT 260 2230-36HMT 261 2230-40HMT 262 2230-42HMT 263 2230-44HMT 264 2230-45HMT 265 2230-61HMT 266 2230-63HMT 267 2230-68HMT 268 2230-70HMT 269 2230-72HMT 270 2230-76HMT 271 2230-78HMT 272 2230-86HMT 273 2230-92HMT 274 2231-05HMT 275 2231-06HMT 276 2231-09HMT 277 2231-12HMT 278 2231-17HMT 279 2231-30HMT 280 2231-34HMT 281 2231-45HMT 282 2231-96HMT 283 2232-07HMT 284 2232-09HMT 285 2232-13HMT 286 2232-23HMT 287 2232-31HMT 288 2232-35HMT 289 2232-40HMT 290 2232-46HMT 291 2232-54HMT 292 2229-51HMT 293 2230-60HMT 294 2230-81HMT 295 2231-03HMT 296 2231-24HMT 297 2231-56HMT 298 2233-59HMT 299 2234-12HMT 300 2234-76HMT 301 2234-86HMT 302 2240-11HMT 303 2240-14HMT 304 2240-17HMT 305 2240-23HMT 306 2240-26HMT 307 2240-28HMT 308 2240-31HMT 309 2240-44HMT 310 2240-63HMT 311 2240-66HMT 312 2240-70HMT 313 2240-72HMT 314 2240-94HMT 315 2241-10HMT 316 2241-12HMT 317 2241-40HMT 318 2241-54HMT 319 2241-56HMT 320 2241-60HMT 321 2241-66HMT 322 2241-74HMT 323 2241-82HMT 324 2241-83HMT 325 2241-86HMT 326 2241-87HMT 327 2243-10HMT 328 2243-18HMT 329 2243-20HMT 330 2243-22HMT 331 2243-27HMT 332 2243-28HMT 333 2243-31HMT 334 2243-32HMT 335 2243-38HMT 336 2243-41HMT 337 2243-45HMT 338 2243-48HMT 339 2243-52HMT 340 2243-73HMT 341 2243-86HMT 342 2243-87HMT 343 2243-94HMT 344 2244-12HMT 345 2244-25HMT 346 2244-29HMT 347 2244-44HMT 348 2244-54HMT 349 2244-71HMT 350 2244-75HMT 351 2084-19 352 2084-25 353 2084-57 354 2084-58 355 2084-64 356 2085-06 357 2085-12 358 2085-27 359 2085-28 360 2086-08 361 2086-14 362 2086-16 363 2086-21 364 2086-23 365 2086-46 366 2086-51 367 2086-56 368 2086-57 369 2086-59 370 2086-62 371 2087-05 372 2087-16 373 2087-19 374 2087-24 375 2087-53 376 2087-55 377 2088-06 378 2088-08 379 2088-12 380 2088-13 381 2088-14 382 2088-16 383 2088-18 384 2088-23 385 2088-28 386 2088-34 387 2088-42 388 2088-44 389 2088-45 390 2088-50 391 2089-04 392 2089-15 393 2089-16 394 2089-17 395 2089-18 396 2089-19 397 2089-24 398 2089-31 399 2089-38 400 2089-40 401 2089-41 402 2089-53 403 2089-58 404 2090-02 405 2090-12 406 2090-16 407 2090-29 408 2090-37 409 2090-39 410 2090-41 411 2090-50 412 2090-52 413 2090-56 414 2091-09 415 2091-15 416 2091-16 417 2091-18 418 2091-24 419 2091-25 420 2091-28 421 2091-52 422 2092-02 423 2092-06 424 2092-08 425 2092-15 426 2092-22 427 2092-24 428 2092-26 429 2092-30 430 2092-35 431 2092-53 432 2092-55 433 2092-63 434 2093-11 435 2093-19 436 2093-24 437 2093-27 438 2093-28 439 2093-33 440 2093-36 441 2093-37 442 2093-38 443 2093-40 444 2093-51 445 2093-52 446 2093-53 447 2093-55 448 2093-56 449 2093-60 450 2094-02 451 2094-04 452 2094-06 453 2094-09 454 2094-10 455 2094-13 456 2094-15 457 2094-23 458 2094-27 459 2094-29 460 2094-34 461 2094-37 462 2094-39 463 2094-41 464 2094-45 465 2094-49 466 2094-51 467 2094-53 468 2094-54 469 2094-59 470 2095-02 471 2095-07 472 2095-16 473 2095-19 474 2095-21 475 2095-24 476 2095-32 477 2095-35 478 2095-37 479 2095-39 480 2095-42 481 2095-44 482 2095-46 483 2095-49 484 2095-53 485 2095-56 486 2095-58 487 2095-61 488 2095-62 489 2095-64 490 2102-03 491 2102-04 492 2102-05 493 2102-07 494 2102-08 495 2102-10 496 2102-14 497 2102-15 498 2102-31 499 2102-34 500 2102-39 501 2102-40 502 2102-42 503 2102-43 504 2102-52 505 2102-56 506 2102-57 507 2102-62 508 2103-04 509 2103-06 510 2103-07 511 2103-10 512 2103-16 513 2103-18 514 2103-19 515 2103-20 516 2103-21 517 2103-22 518 2103-23 519 2103-25 520 2103-26 521 2103-32 522 2103-34 523 2103-36 524 2103-38 525 2103-39 526 2103-42 527 2103-43 528 2103-46 529 2103-51 530 2103-52 531 2103-54 532 2103-59 533 2103-64 534 2104-02 535 2104-09 536 2104-11 537 2104-12 538 2104-17 539 2104-19 540 2104-27 541 2104-30 542 2104-33 543 2104-36 544 2104-37 545 2104-39 546 2104-42 547 2104-49 548 2104-52 549 2104-53 550 2104-57 551 2104-62 552 2105-03 553 2105-05 554 2105-06 555 2105-08 556 2105-13 557 2105-22 558 2105-24 559 2105-26 560 2105-27 561 2105-29 562 2105-30 563 2105-36 564 2105-39 565 2105-47 566 2105-49 567 2105-52 568 2105-58 569 2105-59 570 2105-60 571 2106-03 572 2106-05 573 2106-06 574 2106-08 575 2106-13 576 2106-22 577 2106-24 578 2106-26 579 2106-27 580 2106-29 581 2106-30 582 2106-36 583 2106-39 584 2106-47 585 2106-49 586 2106-52 587 2106-58 588 2106-59 589 2106-60 590 2107-05 591 2107-07 592 2107-08 593 2107-14 594 2107-20 595 2107-23 596 2107-27 597 2107-31 598 2107-33 599 2107-34 600 2107-35 601 2107-42 602 2107-44 603 2107-47 604 2107-48 605 2107-49 606 2107-51 607 2107-53 608 2107-56 609 2107-60 610 2107-62 611 2107-63 612 2108-15 613 2108-16 614 2108-18 615 2108-20 616 2108-24 617 2108-25 618 2108-30 619 2108-32 620 2108-33 621 2108-34 622 2108-43 623 2108-45 624 2108-50 625 2108-55 626 2108-61 627 2108-62 628 2109-03 629 2109-05 630 2109-09 631 2109-11 632 2109-12 633 2109-14 634 2109-15 635 2109-17 636 2109-20 637 2109-22 638 2109-23 639 2109-25 640 2109-27 641 2109-29 642 2109-32 643 2109-33 644 2109-34 645 2109-36 646 2109-41 647 2109-43 648 2109-45 649 2109-46 650 2109-48 651 2109-49 652 2109-50 653 2109-57 654 2109-60 655 2109-61 656 2109-62 657 2109-63 658 2154-02 659 2154-03 660 2154-05 661 2154-07 662 2154-12 663 2154-13 664 2154-14 665 2154-15 666 2154-19 667 2154-22 668 2154-26 669 2154-35 670 2154-37 671 2154-39 672 2154-40 673 2154-44 674 2154-53 675 2154-59 676 2154-62 677 2154-63 678 2154-67 679 2154-69 680 2154-88 681 2156-04 682 2156-08 683 2156-13 684 2156-16 685 2156-19 686 2156-20 687 2156-22 688 2156-24 689 2156-25 690 2156-30 691 2156-31 692 2156-32 693 2156-33 694 2156-35 695 2156-39 696 2156-45 697 2156-46 698 2156-49 699 2156-55 700 2156-61 701 2156-64 702 2157-03 703 2157-04 704 2157-07 705 2157-09 706 2157-13 707 2157-17 708 2157-18 709 2157-19 710 2157-22 711 2157-23 712 2157-24 713 2157-25 714 2157-26 715 2157-28 716 2157-35 717 2157-37 718 2157-38 719 2157-41 720 2157-42 721 2157-46 722 2157-49 723 2157-50 724 2157-52 725 2157-57 726 2157-63 727 2157-65 728 2157-71 729 2157-72 730 2157-74 731 2157-75 732 2157-80 733 2157-93 734 2158-08 735 2158-10 736 2158-13 737 2158-15 738 2158-16 739 2158-20 740 2158-26 741 2158-32 742 2158-38 743 2158-40 744 2158-43 745 2158-44 746 2158-45 747 2158-46 748 2159-16 749 2159-18 750 2159-24 751 2159-26 752 2159-28 753 2159-33 754 2159-37 755 2159-38 756 2159-40 757 2159-42 758 2159-43 759 2159-44 760 2159-45 761 2159-46 762 2159-50 763 2159-52 764 2159-61 765 2159-62 766 2159-65 767 2159-67 768 2159-70 769 2159-71 770 2159-72 771 2159-73 772 2159-74 773 2159-80 774 2159-83 775 2159-86 776 2159-89 777 2159-90 778 2159-93 779 2159-95 780 2160-04 781 2160-05 782 2160-08 783 2160-10 784 2160-15 785 2160-20 786 2160-22 787 2160-24 788 2160-33 789 2160-37 790 2160-40 791 2160-41 792 2160-43 793 2160-46 794 2160-51 795 2160-52 796 2160-56 797 2160-57 798 2160-64 799 2160-66 800 2160-72 801 2160-73 802 2160-76 803 2160-78 804 2160-92 805 2160-94 806 2160-95 807 2160-96 808 2161-02 809 2161-22 810 2161-24 811 2161-25 812 2161-26 813 2161-27 814 2161-29 815 2161-30 816 2161-31 817 2161-32 818 2161-33 819 2161-36 820 2161-41 821 2161-42 822 2161-50 823 2161-51 824 2161-53 825 2161-55 826 2161-61 827 2161-63 828 2161-66 829 2161-68 830 2161-71 831 2161-73 832 2161-84 833 2162-04 834 2162-07 835 2162-09 836 2162-10 837 2162-14 838 2162-15 839 2162-17 840 2162-19 841 2162-22 842 2162-23 843 2162-27 844 2162-29 845 2162-37 846 2162-39 847 2162-43 848 2162-51 849 2162-52 850 2162-54 851 2162-55 852 2162-56 853 2162-57 854 2162-58 855 2162-60 856 2162-61 857 2162-65 858 2162-67 859 2162-70 860 2162-76 861 2162-77 862 2162-79 863 2162-82 864 2162-84 865 2162-85 866 2162-86 867 2162-89 868 2162-90 869 2162-94 870 2163-05 871 2163-06 872 2163-08 873 2163-09 874 2163-10 875 2163-12 876 2163-13 877 2163-14 878 2163-15 879 2163-16 880 2163-17 881 2163-19 882 2163-20 883 2163-30 884 2163-33 885 2163-34 886 2163-35 887 2163-37 888 2163-38 889 2163-39 890 2163-40 891 2163-41 892 2163-46 893 2163-47 894 2163-59 895 2163-63 896 2163-66 897 2163-67 898 2163-68 899 2163-69 900 2163-70 901 2163-72 902 2163-74 903 2163-75 904 2163-80 905 2163-88 906 2163-96 907 2164-02 908 2164-03 909 2164-04 910 2164-05 911 2164-06 912 2164-09 913 2164-10 914 2164-11 915 2164-12 916 2164-14 917 2164-15 918 2164-17 919 2164-20 920 2164-21 921 2164-22 922 2164-23 923 2164-26 924 2164-27 925 2164-28 926 2164-29 927 2164-30 928 2164-31 929 2164-32 930 2164-33 931 2164-34 932 2164-36 933 2164-37 934 2164-41 935 2164-42 936 2164-44 937 2164-46 938 2164-48 939 2164-49 940 2164-50 941 2164-51 942 2164-52 943 2164-53 944 2164-54 945 2164-56 946 2164-57 947 2164-58 948 2164-59 949 2164-61 950 2164-62 951 2164-68 952 2164-69 953 2164-70 954 2164-71 955 2164-72 956 2164-73 957 2164-74 958 2164-75 959 2164-77 960 2164-78 961 2164-79 962 2164-80 963 2164-81 964 2164-83 965 2164-84 966 2164-85 967 2164-86 968 2164-87 969 2164-88 970 2164-89 971 2164-91 972 2164-92 973 2164-93 974 2164-94 975 2164-95 976 2164-96 977 2165-02 978 2165-03 979 2165-07 980 2165-09 981 2165-10 982 2165-11 983 2165-13 984 2165-15 985 2165-19 986 2165-22 987 2165-23 988 2165-25 989 2165-29 990 2165-34 991 2165-38 992 2165-39 993 2165-40 994 2165-43 995 2165-44 996 2165-46 997 2165-49 998 2165-50 999 2165-51 1000 2165-52 1001 2165-53 1002 2165-55 1003 2165-61 1004 2165-62 1005 2165-71 1006 2165-72 1007 2165-73 1008 2165-75 1009 2165-77 1010 2165-78 1011 2165-79 1012 2165-80 1013 2165-81 1014 2165-91 1015 2165-92 1016 2165-93 1017 2165-95 1018 2165-96 1019 2166-04 1020 2166-06 1021 2166-07 1022 2166-08 1023 2166-13 1024 2166-14 1025 2166-16 1026 2166-18 1027 2166-20 1028 2166-30 1029 2166-34 1030 2166-36 1031 2166-37 1032 2166-38 1033 2166-39 1034 2166-43 1035 2166-45 1036 2166-48 1037 2166-49 1038 2166-52 1039 2166-54 1040 2166-55 1041 2166-57 1042 2166-59 1043 2166-63 1044 2166-66 1045 2166-67 1046 2166-68 1047 2166-69 1048 2166-70 1049 2166-72 1050 2166-74 1051 2166-85 1052 2166-86 1053 2167-02 1054 2167-06 1055 2167-08 1056 2167-11 1057 2167-12 1058 2167-17 1059 2167-19 1060 2167-21 1061 2167-22 1062 2167-23 1063 2167-24 1064 2167-27 1065 2167-29 1066 2167-30 1067 2167-32 1068 2167-34 1069 2167-37 1070 2167-38 1071 2167-39 1072 2167-41 1073 2167-43 1074 2167-50 1075 2167-54 1076 2167-55 1077 2167-57 1078 2167-58 1079 2167-64 1080 2167-65 1081 2167-71 1082 2167-72 1083 2167-73 1084 2167-74 1085 2167-75 1086 2167-76 1087 2167-77 1088 2167-81 1089 2167-83 1090 2167-86 1091 2167-89 1092 2167-93 1093 2167-94 1094 2167-95 1095 2169-02 1096 2169-03 1097 2169-11 1098 2169-15 1099 2169-18 1100 2169-20 1101 2169-21 1102 2169-23 1103 2169-25 1104 2169-28 1105 2169-29 1106 2169-31 1107 2169-36 1108 2169-37 1109 2169-38 1110 2169-45 1111 2169-48 1112 2169-50 1113 2169-53 1114 2169-54 1115 2169-55 1116 2169-56 1117 2169-58 1118 2169-59 1119 2169-60 1120 2169-61 1121 2169-62 1122 2169-63 1123 2169-64 1124 2169-67 1125 2169-68 1126 2169-72 1127 2169-73 1128 2169-75 1129 2169-76 1130 2169-77 1131 2169-83 1132 2169-84 1133 2169-87 1134 2169-89 1135 2169-90 1136 2169-92 1137 2169-93 1138 2169-94 1139 2171-02 1140 2171-05 1141 2171-07 1142 2171-08 1143 2171-10 1144 2171-12 1145 2171-14 1146 2171-15 1147 2171-18 1148 2171-19 1149 2171-25 1150 2171-26 1151 2171-27 1152 2171-28 1153 2171-29 1154 2171-36 1155 2171-38 1156 2171-42 1157 2171-44 1158 2171-45 1159 2171-48 1160 2171-49 1161 2171-53 1162 2171-58 1163 2171-59 1164 2171-62 1165 2171-65 1166 2171-67 1167 2171-70 1168 2171-71 1169 2171-74 1170 2171-75 1171 2171-77 1172 2171-78 1173 2171-83 1174 2171-86 1175 2171-87 1176 2171-90 1177 2171-91 1178 2171-94 1179 2171-95 1180 2171-96 1181 2173-03 1182 2173-04 1183 2173-05 1184 2173-06 1185 2173-15 1186 2173-17 1187 2173-20 1188 2173-24 1189 2173-26 1190 2173-27 1191 2173-30 1192 2173-31 1193 2173-33 1194 2173-35 1195 2173-37 1196 2173-41 1197 2173-46 1198 2173-49 1199 2173-60 1200 2173-62 1201 2173-65 1202 2173-66 1203 2173-69 1204 2173-72 1205 2173-73 1206 2173-77 1207 2173-79 1208 2173-80 1209 2173-82 1210 2173-87 1211 2173-88 1212 2173-89 1213 2173-92 1214 2175-03 1215 2175-05 1216 2175-09 1217 2175-10 1218 2175-11 1219 2175-14 1220 2175-16 1221 2175-17 1222 2175-21 1223 2175-22 1224 2175-23 1225 2175-27 1226 2175-29 1227 2175-30 1228 2175-31 1229 2175-33 1230 2175-35 1231 2175-36 1232 2175-40 1233 2175-41 1234 2175-42 1235 2175-43 1236 2175-47 1237 2175-50 1238 2175-51 1239 2175-52 1240 2175-53 1241 2175-54 1242 2175-55 1243 2175-56 1244 2175-57 1245 2175-59 1246 2175-60 1247 2175-61 1248 2175-63 1249 2175-65 1250 2175-66 1251 2175-67 1252 2175-68 1253 2175-69 1254 2175-70 1255 2175-79 1256 2175-80 1257 2175-81 1258 2175-85 1259 2175-87 1260 2175-93 1261 2175-94 1262 2175-95 1263 2177-02 1264 2177-03 1265 2177-04 1266 2177-05 1267 2177-09 1268 2177-25 1269 2177-28 1270 2177-30 1271 2177-32 1272 2177-35 1273 2177-36 1274 2177-37 1275 2177-38 1276 2177-43 1277 2177-49 1278 2177-55 1279 2177-56 1280 2177-58 1281 2177-62 1282 2177-63 1283 2177-65 1284 2177-66 1285 2177-67 1286 2177-68 1287 2177-71 1288 2177-73 1289 2177-75 1290 2177-76 1291 2177-77 1292 2177-83 1293 2177-84 1294 2177-85 1295 2177-87 1296 2177-88 1297 2177-89 1298 2177-90 1299 2177-93 1300 2177-95 1301 2179-04 1302 2179-06 1303 2179-08 1304 2179-13 1305 2179-14 1306 2179-15 1307 2179-16 1308 2179-17 1309 2179-21 1310 2179-25 1311 2179-26 1312 2179-31 1313 2179-33 1314 2179-34 1315 2179-36 1316 2179-37 1317 2179-38 1318 2179-40 1319 2179-41 1320 2179-45 1321 2179-50 1322 2179-55 1323 2179-57 1324 2179-58 1325 2179-60 1326 2179-61 1327 2179-64 1328 2179-65 1329 2179-66 1330 2179-67 1331 2179-68 1332 2179-70 1333 2179-71 1334 2179-72 1335 2179-74 1336 2179-75 1337 2179-76 1338 2179-78 1339 2179-80 1340 2179-81 1341 2179-82 1342 2179-84 1343 2179-85 1344 2179-89 1345 2179-90 1346 2179-91 1347 2179-92 1348 2179-93 1349 2179-95 1350 2179-96 1351 2181-03 1352 2181-06 1353 2181-07 1354 2181-08 1355 2181-11 1356 2181-13 1357 2181-15 1358 2181-16 1359 2181-17 1360 2181-20 1361 2181-21 1362 2181-25 1363 2181-28 1364 2181-30 1365 2181-31 1366 2181-32 1367 2181-33 1368 2181-34 1369 2181-38 1370 2181-40 1371 2181-41 1372 2181-43 1373 2181-44 1374 2181-47 1375 2181-48 1376 2181-49 1377 2181-53 1378 2181-54 1379 2181-55 1380 2181-57 1381 2181-58 1382 2181-59 1383 2181-60 1384 2181-61 1385 2181-62 1386 2181-63 1387 2181-67 1388 2181-70 1389 2181-71 1390 2181-72 1391 2181-74 1392 2181-77 1393 2181-78 1394 2181-79 1395 2181-80 1396 2181-83 1397 2181-85 1398 2181-86 1399 2181-88 1400 2181-89 1401 2181-90 1402 2181-95 1403 2181-96 1404 2183-02 1405 2183-03 1406 2183-04 1407 2183-09 1408 2183-12 1409 2183-18 1410 2183-19 1411 2183-23 1412 2183-26 1413 2183-27 1414 2183-29 1415 2183-31 1416 2183-34 1417 2183-35 1418 2183-37 1419 2183-42 1420 2183-43 1421 2183-47 1422 2183-48 1423 2183-54 1424 2183-56 1425 2183-57 1426 2183-60 1427 2183-63 1428 2183-64 1429 2183-66 1430 2183-67 1431 2183-72 1432 2183-73 1433 2183-74 1434 2183-75 1435 2183-76 1436 2183-78 1437 2183-79 1438 2183-80 1439 2183-82 1440 2183-83 1441 2183-84 1442 2183-87 1443 2183-89 1444 2183-91 1445 2183-92 1446 2183-94 1447 2185-02 1448 2185-03 1449 2185-06 1450 2185-07 1451 2185-08 1452 2185-11 1453 2185-13 1454 2185-14 1455 2185-17 1456 2185-18 1457 2185-25 1458 2185-26 1459 2185-30 1460 2185-31 1461 2185-32 1462 2185-35 1463 2185-37 1464 2185-39 1465 2185-40 1466 2185-42 1467 2185-45 1468 2185-46 1469 2185-47 1470 2185-50 1471 2185-58 1472 2185-63 1473 2185-64 1474 2185-65 1475 2185-67 1476 2185-68 1477 2185-72 1478 2185-73 1479 2185-74 1480 2185-76 1481 2185-77 1482 2185-79 1483 2185-83 1484 2185-85 1485 2185-86 1486 2185-87 1487 2185-89 1488 2185-90 1489 2185-92 1490 2185-93 1491 2185-94 1492 2185-96 1493 2187-02 1494 2187-06 1495 2187-08 1496 2187-11 1497 2187-12 1498 2187-15 1499 2187-16 1500 2187-19 1501 2187-22 1502 2187-26 1503 2187-27 1504 2187-28 1505 2187-29 1506 2187-30 1507 2187-34 1508 2187-35 1509 2187-37 1510 2187-38 1511 2187-39 1512 2187-40 1513 2187-41 1514 2187-42 1515 2187-44 1516 2187-46 1517 2187-48 1518 2187-50 1519 2187-51 1520 2187-52 1521 2187-54 1522 2187-55 1523 2187-56 1524 2187-57 1525 2187-58 1526 2187-60 1527 2187-61 1528 2187-62 1529 2187-63 1530 2187-70 1531 2187-71 1532 2187-72 1533 2187-73 1534 2187-80 1535 2187-84 1536 2187-85 1537 2187-86 1538 2187-87 1539 2187-88 1540 2187-91 1541 2187-94 1542 2187-96 1543 2188-04 1544 2188-08 1545 2188-09 1546 2188-11 1547 2188-18 1548 2188-20 1549 2188-21 1550 2188-23 1551 2188-25 1552 2188-31 1553 2188-37 1554 2188-38 1555 2188-42 1556 2188-43 1557 2188-44 1558 2188-47 1559 2188-50 1560 2188-53 1561 2188-55 1562 2188-57 1563 2188-59 1564 2188-61 1565 2188-64 1566 2188-69 1567 2188-70 1568 2188-71 1569 2188-73 1570 2188-76 1571 2188-79 1572 2188-84 1573 2188-85 1574 2188-87 1575 2188-88 1576 2188-89 1577 2188-94 1578 2188-95 1579 2188-96 1580 2189-02 1581 2189-03 1582 2189-04 1583 2189-05 1584 2189-06 1585 2189-07 1586 2189-09 1587 2189-10 1588 2189-11 1589 2189-12 1590 2189-14 1591 2189-15 1592 2189-16 1593 2189-18 1594 2189-19 1595 2189-20 1596 2189-22 1597 2189-23 1598 2189-24 1599 2189-25 1600 2189-26 1601 2189-27 1602 2189-28 1603 2189-29 1604 2189-30 1605 2189-32 1606 2189-33 1607 2189-34 1608 2189-35 1609 2189-36 1610 2189-37 1611 2189-38 1612 2189-40 1613 2189-41 1614 2189-43 1615 2189-44 1616 2189-46 1617 2189-47 1618 2189-49 1619 2189-50 1620 2189-52 1621 2189-54 1622 2189-58 1623 2189-59 1624 2189-60 1625 2189-61 1626 2189-62 1627 2189-64 1628 2189-68 1629 2189-72 1630 2189-77 1631 2189-78 1632 2189-79 1633 2189-80 1634 2189-82 1635 2189-88 1636 2189-93 1637 2189-95 1638 2191-05 1639 2191-06 1640 2191-10 1641 2191-11 1642 2191-13 1643 2191-14 1644 2191-15 1645 2191-16 1646 2191-19 1647 2191-21 1648 2191-26 1649 2191-30 1650 2191-31 1651 2191-32 1652 2191-36 1653 2191-37 1654 2191-39 1655 2191-40 1656 2191-42 1657 2191-43 1658 2191-45 1659 2191-48 1660 2191-49 1661 2191-50 1662 2191-54 1663 2191-55 1664 2191-56 1665 2191-61 1666 2191-62 1667 2191-64 1668 2191-65 1669 2191-70 1670 2191-71 1671 2191-74 1672 2191-75 1673 2191-80 1674 2191-84 1675 2191-86 1676 2191-89 1677 2191-91 1678 2191-93 1679 2191-95 1680 2192-04 1681 2192-05 1682 2192-10 1683 2192-11 1684 2192-13 1685 2192-16 1686 2192-18 1687 2192-19 1688 2192-20 1689 2192-21 1690 2192-24 1691 2192-27 1692 2192-32 1693 2192-33 1694 2192-34 1695 2192-39 1696 2192-40 1697 2192-41 1698 2192-45 1699 2192-48 1700 2192-49 1701 2192-51 1702 2192-52 1703 2192-54 1704 2192-55 1705 2192-56 1706 2192-57 1707 2192-58 1708 2192-61 1709 2192-62 1710 2192-64 1711 2192-65 1712 2192-67 1713 2192-73 1714 2192-75 1715 2192-76 1716 2192-80 1717 2192-81 1718 2192-83 1719 2192-84 1720 2192-87 1721 2192-89 1722 2192-90 1723 2192-92 1724 2192-93 1725 2192-95 1726 2193-02 1727 2193-05 1728 2193-06 1729 2193-07 1730 2193-08 1731 2193-09 1732 2193-11 1733 2193-12 1734 2193-13 1735 2193-14 1736 2193-15 1737 2193-16 1738 2193-19 1739 2193-20 1740 2193-21 1741 2193-22 1742 2193-23 1743 2193-26 1744 2193-28 1745 2193-30 1746 2193-32 1747 2193-33 1748 2193-34 1749 2193-35 1750 2193-38 1751 2193-40 1752 2193-41 1753 2193-42 1754 2193-44 1755 2193-46 1756 2193-48 1757 2193-55 1758 2193-57 1759 2193-58 1760 2193-59 1761 2193-62 1762 2193-63 1763 2193-64 1764 2193-66 1765 2193-68 1766 2193-69 1767 2193-70 1768 2193-72 1769 2193-73 1770 2193-74 1771 2193-76 1772 2193-78 1773 2193-81 1774 2193-82 1775 2193-83 1776 2193-84 1777 2193-85 1778 2193-86 1779 2193-87 1780 2193-88 1781 2193-91 1782 2194-02 1783 2194-03 1784 2194-04 1785 2194-05 1786 2194-06 1787 2194-08 1788 2194-10 1789 2194-11 1790 2194-12 1791 2194-15 1792 2194-19 1793 2194-21 1794 2194-25 1795 2194-26 1796 2194-31 1797 2194-33 1798 2194-34 1799 2194-36 1800 2194-44 1801 2194-45 1802 2194-46 1803 2194-47 1804 2194-48 1805 2194-49 1806 2194-53 1807 2194-54 1808 2194-56 1809 2194-57 1810 2194-58 1811 2194-59 1812 2194-60 1813 2194-61 1814 2194-64 1815 2194-65 1816 2194-66 1817 2194-67 1818 2194-68 1819 2194-70 1820 2194-71 1821 2194-73 1822 2194-74 1823 2194-76 1824 2194-77 1825 2194-79 1826 2194-80 1827 2194-82 1828 2194-87 1829 2194-89 1830 2194-90 1831 2194-91 1832 2194-94 1833 2195-03 1834 2195-04 1835 2195-13 1836 2195-18 1837 2195-19 1838 2195-20 1839 2195-21 1840 2195-23 1841 2195-25 1842 2195-27 1843 2195-29 1844 2195-32 1845 2195-33 1846 2195-35 1847 2195-36 1848 2195-37 1849 2195-38 1850 2195-39 1851 2195-41 1852 2195-42 1853 2195-43 1854 2195-44 1855 2195-46 1856 2195-48 1857 2195-50 1858 2195-52 1859 2195-56 1860 2195-58 1861 2195-59 1862 2195-62 1863 2195-63 1864 2195-64 1865 2195-65 1866 2195-68 1867 2195-70 1868 2195-71 1869 2195-74 1870 2195-75 1871 2195-77 1872 2195-78 1873 2195-79 1874 2195-81 1875 2195-82 1876 2195-87 1877 2195-88 1878 2195-89 1879 2195-90 1880 2195-91 1881 2195-93 1882 2195-96 1883 2196-02 1884 2196-05 1885 2196-06 1886 2196-08 1887 2196-09 1888 2196-11 1889 2196-15 1890 2196-16 1891 2196-17 1892 2196-23 1893 2196-25 1894 2196-28 1895 2196-32 1896 2196-33 1897 2196-34 1898 2196-35 1899 2196-36 1900 2196-38 1901 2196-39 1902 2196-40 1903 2196-41 1904 2196-45 1905 2196-49 1906 2196-51 1907 2196-55 1908 2196-56 1909 2196-57 1910 2196-58 1911 2196-66 1912 2196-67 1913 2196-68 1914 2196-73 1915 2196-77 1916 2196-80 1917 2196-87 1918 2196-89 1919 2196-91 1920 2196-92 1921 2196-93 1922 2196-94 1923 2196-96 1924 2197-02 1925 2197-04 1926 2197-05 1927 2197-06 1928 2197-07 1929 2197-09 1930 2197-10 1931 2197-11 1932 2197-12 1933 2197-13 1934 2197-15 1935 2197-16 1936 2197-19 1937 2197-20 1938 2197-27 1939 2197-29 1940 2197-30 1941 2197-31 1942 2197-35 1943 2197-36 1944 2197-37 1945 2197-38 1946 2197-39 1947 2197-40 1948 2197-41 1949 2197-43 1950 2197-44 1951 2197-45 1952 2197-48 1953 2197-49 1954 2197-52 1955 2197-55 1956 2197-56 1957 2197-57 1958 2197-61 1959 2197-62 1960 2197-63 1961 2197-65 1962 2197-66 1963 2197-67 1964 2197-69 1965 2197-71 1966 2197-74 1967 2197-75 1968 2197-76 1969 2197-77 1970 2197-79 1971 2197-82 1972 2197-83 1973 2197-84 1974 2197-85 1975 2197-87 1976 2197-88 1977 2197-89 1978 2197-94 1979 2197-96 1980 2202-18 1981 2202-19 1982 2202-22 1983 2202-25 1984 2202-28 1985 2202-30 1986 2202-31 1987 2202-32 1988 2202-38 1989 2202-44 1990 2202-46 1991 2202-55 1992 2202-64 1993 2202-66 1994 2202-67 1995 2202-68 1996 2202-71 1997 2202-72 1998 2202-73 1999 2202-04 2000 2202-87 2001 2202-93 2002 2202-94 2003 2203-12 2004 2203-20 2005 2203-24 2006 2202-26 2007 2202-30 2008 2202-52 2009 2202-74 2010 2202-78 2011 2202-87 2012 2202-93 2013 2202-94 2014 2204-02 2015 2204-08 2016 2204-12 2017 2204-14 2018 2204-42 2019 2204-43 2020 2204-49 2021 2204-51 2022 2204-53 2023 2204-54 2024 2204-59 2025 2204-60 2026 2204-61 2027 2204-70 2028 2204-71 2029 2204-73 2030 2204-74 2031 2204-78 2032 2204-83 2033 2204-90 2034 2205-05 2035 2205-11 2036 2205-13 2037 2205-21 2038 2205-22 2039 2205-39 2040 2205-42 2041 2205-44 2042 2205-81 2043 2205-88 2044 2205-94 2045 2229-15 2046 2229-21 2047 2229-23 2048 2229-26 2049 2229-28 2050 2229-30 2051 2229-32 2052 2229-43 2053 2229-52 2054 2229-66 2055 2229-85 2056 2230-17 2057 2230-18 2058 2230-25 2059 2230-29 2060 2230-32 2061 2230-34 2062 2230-46 2063 2230-47 2064 2230-58 2065 2230-65 2066 2230-73 2067 2230-74 2068 2230-95 2069 2231-04 2070 2231-13 2071 2231-16 2072 2231-21 2073 2231-25 2074 2231-28 2075 2231-48 2076 2231-54 2077 2231-58 2078 2231-61 2079 2231-69 2080 2231-93 2081 2232-17 2082 2232-20 2083 2232-26 2084 2232-29 2085 2232-36 2086 2232-37 2087 2232-45 2088 2232-47 2089 2232-48 2090 2232-53 2091 2232-62 2092 2232-75 2093 2232-76 2094 2232-88 2095 2232-89 2096 2232-90 2097 2232-92 2098 2232-93 2099 2232-94 2100 2233-07 2101 2233-15 2102 2233-17 2103 2233-23 2104 2233-26 2105 2233-30 2106 2233-31 2107 2233-34 2108 2233-36 2109 2233-37 2110 2233-43 2111 2233-44 2112 2233-49 2113 2233-50 2114 2233-52 2115 2233-62 2116 2233-73 2117 2233-76 2118 2233-78 2119 2233-79 2120 2233-82 2121 2233-88 2122 2234-04 2123 2234-13 2124 2234-16 2125 2234-22 2126 2234-24 2127 2234-38 2128 2234-41 2129 2234-45 2130 2234-48 2131 2234-49 2132 2234-59 2133 2234-69 2134 2234-83 2135 2234-84 2136 2234-87 2137 2234-92 2138 2234-95 2139 2240-15 2140 2240-16 2141 2240-25 2142 2240-27 2143 2240-30 2144 2240-32 2145 2240-41 2146 2240-45 2147 2240-50 2148 2240-56 2149 2240-65 2150 2240-68 2151 2240-73 2152 2240-78 2153 2240-79 2154 2240-81 2155 2240-84 2156 2240-96 2157 2241-06 2158 2241-20 2159 2241-32 2160 2241-33 2161 2241-34 2162 2241-43 2163 2241-46 2164 2241-48 2165 2241-50 2166 2241-53 2167 2241-67 2168 2241-71 2169 2241-75 2170 2241-77 2171 2241-79 2172 2241-88 2173 2241-96 2174 2243-05 2175 2243-07 2176 2243-16 2177 2243-23 2178 2243-26 2179 2243-34 2180 2243-40 2181 2243-42 2182 2243-58 2183 2243-60 2184 2243-65 2185 2243-70 2186 2243-80 2187 2243-84 2188 2244-04 2189 2244-07 2190 2244-09 2191 2244-10 2192 2244-17 2193 2244-18 2194 2244-20 2195 2244-22 2196 2244-24 2197 2244-28 2198 2244-34 2299 2244-37 2200 2244-39 2201 2244-41 2202 2244-46 2203 2244-50 2204 2244-51 2205 2244-56 2206 2244-60 2207 2244-67 2208 2244-70 2209 2244-72 2210 2244-73 2211 2244-79 2212 2244-81 2213 2244-85 2214 2244-88 2215 2244-89 2216 2244-90 2217 2244-92 2218 2244-93 2219 2244-94 2220 2244-95 2221 2244-96 2222 2253-03 2223 2253-09 2224 2253-10 2225 2253-15 2226 2253-17 2227 2253-25 2228 2253-26 2229 2253-29 2230 2253-31 2231 2253-34 2232 2253-45 2233 2253-47 2234 2253-48 2235 2253-49 2236 2253-51 2237 2253-57 2238 2253-64 2239 2253-69 2240 2253-71 2241 2253-72 2242 2253-74 2243 2253-75 2244 2253-76 2245 2253-77 2246 2253-85 2247 2253-91 2248 2253-93 2249 2254-02 2250 2254-03 2251 2254-05 2252 2254-09 2253 2254-11 2254 2254-19 2255 2254-20 2256 2254-22 2257 2254-34 2258 2254-42 2259 2254-44 2260 2254-46 2261 2254-49 2262 2254-50 2263 2254-52 2264 2254-59 2265 2254-61 2266 2254-64 2267 2254-73 2268 2254-75 2269 2254-77 2270 2254-78 2271 2254-81 2272 2254-82 2273 2254-89 2274 2254-90 2275 2254-94 2276 2255-06 2277 2255-09 2278 2255-11 2279 2255-26 2280 2255-27 2281 2255-29 2282 2255-38 2283 2255-44 2284 2255-48 2285 2255-53 2286 2255-65 2287 2255-74 2288 2255-78 2289 2255-81 2290 2255-83 2291 2255-84 2292 2255-87 2293 2255-92 2294 2255-93 2295 2256-02 2296 2256-09 2297 2256-10 2298 2256-25 2299 2256-37 2300 2256-51 2301 2256-53 2302 2256-56 2303 2256-60 2304 2256-63 2305 2256-66 2306 2256-68 2307 2256-71 2308 2256-74 2309 2256-81 2310 2256-83 2311 2256-84 2312 2256-88 2313 2256-95

[0027] In one embodiment, a gene or other nucleic acid molecule of the present invention can be an allelic variant that includes a similar but not identical sequence to a C. felis nucleic acid sequence of Table I and/or Table II or a complement thereof. For example, an allelic variant of a C. felis gene including SEQ ID NO:1 is a gene that occurs at essentially the same locus (or loci) in the genome as the gene including SEQ ID NO:1, but which, due to natural variations caused by, for example, mutation or recombination, has a similar but not identical sequence. Because natural selection typically selects against alterations that affect function, allelic variants (i.e. alleles corresponding to, or of, cited nucleic acid sequences) usually encode proteins having similar activity to that of the protein encoded by the gene to which they are being compared. Allelic variants of genes or nucleic acid molecules can also comprise alterations in the 5′3′untranslated regions of the gene (e.g., in regulatory control regions), or can involve alternative splicing of a nascent transcript, thereby bringing alternative exons into juxtaposition. Allelic variants are well known to those skilled in the art and would be expected to occur naturally within a given flea such as C. felis, since the genome is diploid, and sexual reproduction will result in the reassortment of alleles.

[0028] In one embodiment of the present invention, isolated HMT and HNC proteins are encoded by nucleic acid molecules that hybridize under stringent hybridization conditions to genes or other nucleic acid molecules encoding flea HMT and HNC proteins, respectively. The minimal size of HMT and HNC proteins of the present invention is a size sufficient to be encoded by a nucleic acid molecule capable of forming a stable hybrid (i.e., hybridizing under stringent hybridization conditions) with the complementary sequence of a nucleic acid molecule encoding the corresponding natural protein. The size of a nucleic acid molecule encoding such a protein is dependent on the nucleic acid composition and the percent homology between the flea HMT or HNC nucleic acid molecule and the complementary nucleic acid sequence. It can easily be understood that the extent of homology required to form a stable hybrid under stringent conditions can vary depending on whether the homologous sequences are interspersed throughout a given nucleic acid molecule or are clustered (i.e., localized) in distinct regions on a given nucleic acid molecule.

[0029] The minimal size of a nucleic acid molecule capable of forming a stable hybrid with a gene encoding a flea HMT or HNC protein is typically at least about 12 to about 15 nucleotides in length if the nucleic acid molecule is GC-rich and at least about 15 to about 17 bases in length if it is AT-rich. The minimal size of a nucleic acid molecule used to encode an HMT or HNC protein homologue of the present invention is from about 12 to about 18 nucleotides in length. Thus, the minimal size of HMT or HNC protein homologues of the present invention is from about 4 to about 6 amino acids in length. There is no limit, other than a practical limit, on the maximal size of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a flea HMT or HNC protein of the present invention because a nucleic acid molecule of the present invention can include a portion of a gene, an entire gene, or multiple genes. The preferred size of a protein encoded by a nucleic acid molecule of the present invention depends on whether a full-length, fusion, multivalent, or functional portion of such a protein is desired.

[0030] Stringent hybridization conditions are determined based on defined physical properties of the gene to which the nucleic acid molecule is being hybridized, and can be defined mathematically. Stringent hybridization conditions are those experimental parameters that allow an individual skilled in the art to identify significant similarities between heterologous nucleic acid molecules. These conditions are well known to those skilled in the art. See, for example, Sambrook, et al., 1989, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Labs Press, and Meinkoth, et al., 1984, Anal. Biochem. 138, 267-284, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. As explained in detail in the cited references, the determination of hybridization conditions involves the manipulation of a set of variables including the ionic strength (M, in moles/liter), the hybridization temperature (° C.), the concentration of nucleic acid helix destabilizing agents (such as formamide), the average length of the shortest hybrid duplex (n), and the percent G+C composition of the fragment to which an unknown nucleic acid molecule is being hybridized. For nucleic acid molecules of at least about 150 nucleotides, these variables are inserted into a standard mathematical formula to calculate the melting temperature, or T_(m), of a given nucleic acid molecule. As defined in the formula below, T_(m) is the temperature at which two complementary nucleic acid molecule strands will disassociate, assuming 100% complementarity between the two strands:

T _(m)=81.5° C.+16.6 log M+0.41(% G+C)−500/n−0.61(% formamide).

[0031] For nucleic acid molecules smaller than about 50 nucleotides, hybrid stability is defined by the dissociation temperature (T_(d)), which is defined as the temperature at which 50% of the duplexes dissociate. For these smaller molecules, the stability at a standard ionic strength is defined by the following equation:

T _(d)=4 (G+C)+2(A+T).

[0032] A temperature of 5° C. below T_(d) is used to detect hybridization between perfectly matched molecules.

[0033] Also well known to those skilled in the art is how base pair mismatch, i.e. differences between two nucleic acid molecules being compared, including non-complementarity of bases at a given location, and gaps due to insertion or deletion of one or more bases at a given location on either of the nucleic acid molecules being compared, will affect T_(m) or T_(d) for nucleic acid molecules of different sizes. For example, T_(m) decreases about 1° C. for each 1% of mismatched base pairs for hybrids greater than about 150 bp, and T_(d) decreases about 5° C. for each mismatched base pair for hybrids below about 50 bp. Conditions for hybrids between about 50 and about 150 base pairs can be determined empirically and without undue experimentation using standard laboratory procedures well known to those skilled in the art. These simple procedures allow one skilled in the art to set the hybridization conditions (by altering, for example, the salt concentration, the helix destabilizing compound concentration or the temperature) so that only nucleic acid hybrids with greater than a specified % base pair mismatch will hybridize. Stringent hybridization conditions are commonly understood by those skilled in the art to be those experimental conditions that will allow less than or equal to about 30% base pair mismatch (i.e., at least about 70% identity). Because one skilled in the art can easily determine whether a given nucleic acid molecule to be tested is less than or greater than about 50 nucleotides, and can therefore choose the appropriate formula for determining hybridization conditions, he or she can determine whether the nucleic acid molecule will hybridize with a given gene under stringent hybridization conditions and similarly whether the nucleic acid molecule will hybridize under conditions designed to allow a desired amount of base pair mismatch.

[0034] Hybridization reactions are often carried out by attaching the nucleic acid molecule to be hybridized to a solid support such as a membrane, and then hybridizing with a labeled nucleic acid molecule, typically referred to as a probe, suspended in a hybridization solution. Examples of common hybridization reaction techniques include, but are not limited to, the well-known Southern and northern blotting procedures. Typically; the actual hybridization reaction is done under non-stringent conditions, i.e., at a lower temperature and/or a higher salt concentration, and then high stringency is achieved by washing the membrane in a solution with a higher temperature and/or lower salt concentration in order to achieve the desired stringency.

[0035] For example, if the skilled artisan wished to identify a nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes under conditions that would allow less than or equal to 30% pair mismatch with a flea nucleic acid molecule of about 150 bp in length or greater, the following conditions could preferably be used. The average G+C content of flea DNA is about 37%, as calculated from known flea nucleic acid sequences. The unknown nucleic acid molecules would be attached to a support membrane, and the 150 bp probe would be labeled, e.g. with a radioactive tag. The hybridization reaction could be carried out in a solution comprising 2×SSC in the absence of helix destabilizing compounds, at a temperature of about 37° C. (low stringency conditions). Solutions of differing concentrations of SSC can be made by one of skill in the art by diluting a stock solution of 20×SSC (175.3 gram NaCl and about 88.2 gram sodium citrate in 1 liter of water, pH 7) to obtain the desired concentration of SSC. The skilled artisan would calculate the washing conditions required to allow up to 30% base pair mismatch. For example, in a wash solution comprising 1×SSC in the absence of helix destabilizing compounds, the T_(m) of perfect hybrids would be about 77° C.:

81.5° C.+16.6 log (0.15M)+(0.41×0.37)−(500/150)−(0.61×0)=77.5° C.

[0036] Thus, to achieve hybridization with nucleic acid molecules having about 30% base pair mismatch, hybridization washes would be carried out at a temperature of less than or equal to 47.5° C. It is thus within the skill of one in the art to calculate additional hybridization temperatures based on the desired percentage base pair mismatch, formulae and G/C content disclosed herein. For example, it is appreciated by one skilled in the art that as the nucleic acid molecule to be tested for hybridization against nucleic acid molecules of the present invention having sequences specified herein becomes longer than 150 nucleotides, the T_(m) for a hybridization reaction allowing up to 30% base pair mismatch will not vary significantly from 47.5° C.

[0037] Furthermore, it is known in the art that there are commercially available computer programs for determining the degree of similarity between two nucleic acid or protein sequences. These computer programs include various known methods to determine the percentage identity and the number and length of gaps between hybrid nucleic acid molecules or proteins. Preferred methods to determine the percent identity among amino acid sequences and also among nucleic acid sequences include analysis using one or more of the commercially available computer programs designed to compare and analyze nucleic acid or amino acid sequences. These computer programs include, but are not limited to, the SeqLab® Wisconsin Package™ Version 10.0-UNIX sequence analysis software (hereinafter referred to as “SeqLab”), available from Genetics Computer Group, Madison, Wis.; and DNAsis® sequence analysis software, version 2.0, available from Hitachi Software, San Bruno, Calif. Such software programs represent a collection of algorithms paired with a graphical user interface for using the algorithms. The DNAsis version 2.0 software and SeqLab Wisconsin Package Version 10.0-UNIX software, for example, employ a particular algorithm, the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm to perform pair-wise comparisons between two sequences to yield a percentage identity score, see Needleman, S. B. and Wunsch, C. D., 1970, J. Mol. Biol., 48, 443, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Such algorithms, including the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm, are commonly used by those skilled in the nucleic acid and amino acid sequencing art to compare sequences. A preferred method to determine percent identity among amino acid sequences and also among nucleic acid sequences includes using the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm, available in the SeqLab Wisconsin Package Version 10.0-UNIX software (hereinafter “SeqLab”), using the Pairwise Comparison/Gap function with the nwsgapdna.cmp scoring matrix, the gap creation penalty and the gap extension penalties set at default values, and the gap shift limits set at maximum (hereinafter referred to as “SeqLab default parameters”). An additional preferred method to determine percent identity among amino acid sequences and also among nucleic acid sequences includes using the Higgins-Sharp algorithm, available in the DNAsis version 2.0 software (hereinafter “DNAsis”), with the gap penalty set at 5, the number of top diagonals set at 5, the fixed gap penalty set at 10, the k-tuple set at 2, the window size set at 5, and the floating gap penalty set at 10. A particularly preferred method to determine percent identity among amino acid sequences and also among nucleic acid sequences includes using the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm available in the SeqLab software, using the SeqLab default parameters.

[0038] A preferred flea HMT and/or HNC protein includes a protein encoded by a nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes under conditions that preferably allow less than or equal to 30% base pair mismatch, preferably under conditions that allow less than or equal to 25% base pair mismatch, preferably under conditions that allow less than or equal to 20% base pair mismatch, preferably under conditions that allow less than or equal to 15% base pair mismatch, preferably under conditions that allow less than or equal to 10% base pair mismatch and preferably under conditions that allow less than or equal to 5% base pair mismatch with a nucleic acid molecule selected from the group consisting of a nucleic acid sequence complementary to a nucleic acid sequence of Table I and/or Table II.

[0039] Another embodiment of the present invention includes a flea HMT and/or HNC protein encoded by a nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes under conditions comprising, (a) hybridizing in a solution comprising 1×SSC in the absence of helix destabilizing compounds, at a temperature of 37° C. and (b) washing in a solution comprising 1×SSC in the absence of helix destabilizing compounds, at a temperature of 47.5° C., to an isolated nucleic acid molecule selected from the group consisting of a nucleic acid sequence complementary to a nucleic acid sequence of Table I and/or Table II.

[0040] Another preferred flea HMT and/or HNC protein of the present invention includes a protein that is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule that is preferably at least 70% identical, preferably at least 75% identical, preferably at least 80% identical, preferably at least 85% identical, preferably at least 90% identical, and preferably at least 95% identical to a nucleic acid molecule having a nucleic acid sequence of Table I and/or Table II; also preferred are fragments (i.e. portions) of such proteins encoded by nucleic acid molecules that are at least 18 nucleotides. Percent identity as used herein is determined using the Compare function by maximum matching within the program DNAsis Version 2.1 using default parameters.

[0041] Additional preferred flea HMT and/or HNC proteins of the present invention include proteins having an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence of Table I and/or Table II, and proteins comprising homologues of a protein encoded by a nucleic acid sequence of Table I and/or Table II, wherein such a homologue comprises at least one epitope that elicits an immune response against a protein encoded by a nucleic acid sequence of Table I and/or Table II.

[0042] In one embodiment, a preferred flea HMT or HNC protein comprises an amino acid sequence of at least 6 amino acids, preferably at least 10 amino acids, preferably at least 15 amino acids, preferably at least 20 amino acids, preferably at least 25 amino acids, preferably at least 30 amino acids, preferably at least 35 amino acids, preferably at least 40 amino acids, preferably at least 50 amino acids, preferably at least 100 amino acids, preferably at least 200 amino acids, preferably at least 250 amino acids, preferably at least 300 amino acids, preferably at least 350 amino acids, and preferably at least 375 amino acids. In another embodiment, preferred flea HMT and HNC proteins comprise full-length proteins, i.e., proteins encoded by full-length coding regions, or post-translationally modified proteins thereof, such as mature proteins from which initiating methionine and/or signal sequences or “pro” sequences have been removed.

[0043] A fragment of an HMT and/or HNC protein of the present invention preferably comprises at least 5 amino acids, preferably at least 10 amino acids, preferably at least 15 amino acids, preferably at least 20 amino acids, preferably at least 25 amino acids, preferably at least 30 amino acids, preferably at least 35 amino acids, preferably at least 40 amino acids, preferably at least 45 amino acids, preferably at least 50 amino acids, preferably at least 55 amino acids, preferably at least 60 amino acids, preferably at least 65 amino acids, preferably at least 70 amino acids, preferably at least 75 amino acids, preferably at least 80 amino acids, preferably at least 85 amino acids, preferably at least 90 amino acids, preferably at least 95 amino acids, and preferably at least 100 amino acids in length.

[0044] In another embodiment, a preferred flea HMT and/or HNC protein of the present invention is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule comprising at least 15 nucleotides, preferably at least 18 nucleotides, preferably at least 20 nucleotides, preferably at least 25 nucleotides, preferably at least 30 nucleotides, preferably at least 40 nucleotides, preferably at least 50 nucleotides, preferably at least 100 nucleotides, preferably at least 150 nucleotides, preferably at least 350 nucleotides, preferably at least 450 nucleotides, preferably at least 550 nucleotides, preferably at least 650 nucleotides, preferably at least 750 nucleotides, preferably at least 1000 nucleotides, and preferably at least 1100 nucleotides in length. In another embodiment, preferred flea HMT and HNC proteins of the present invention are encoded by nucleic acid molecules comprising apparently full-length HMT or HNC coding regions respectively, i.e., nucleic acid molecules encoding an apparently full-length HMT or HNC proteins.

[0045] Preferred flea HMT and HNC proteins of the present invention can be used to develop inhibitors that, when administered to an animal in an effective manner, are capable of protecting that animal from flea infestation. In accordance with the present invention, the ability of an inhibitor of the present invention to protect an animal from flea infestation refers to the ability of that protein to, for example, treat, ameliorate and/or prevent infestation caused by fleas. In particular, the phrase “to protect an animal from flea infestation” refers to reducing the potential for flea population expansion on and around the animal (i.e., reducing the flea burden). Preferably, the flea population size is decreased, optimally to an extent that the animal is no longer bothered by fleas. A host animal, as used herein, is an animal from which fleas can feed by attaching to and feeding through the skin of the animal. Fleas, and other ectoparasites, can live on a host animal for an extended period of time or can attach temporarily to an animal in order to feed. At any given time, a certain percentage of a flea population can be on a host animal whereas the remainder can be in the environment of the animal. Such an environment can include not only adult fleas, but also flea eggs and/or flea larvae. The environment can be of any size such that fleas in the environment are able to jump onto and off of a host animal. For example, the environment of an animal can include plants, such as crops, from which fleas infest an animal. As such, it is desirable not only to reduce the flea burden on an animal per se, but also to reduce the flea burden in the environment of the animal.

[0046] Suitable fleas to target include any flea that is essentially incapable of causing disease in an animal administered an inhibitor of the present invention. As such, fleas to target include any flea that produces a protein that can be targeted by an inhibitory compound that inhibits a flea HMT or HNC protein function, thereby resulting in the decreased ability of the parasite to cause disease in an animal. Preferred fleas to target include fleas of the following genera: Ctenocephalides, Cyopsyllus, Diamanus (Oropsylla), Echidnophaga, Nosopsyllus, Pulex, Tunga, and Xenopsylla, with those of the species Ctenocephalides canis, Ctenocephalides felis, Diamanus montanus, Echidnophaga gallinacea, Nosopsyllus faciatus, Pulex irritans, Pulex simulans, Tunga penetrans and Xenopsylla cheopis being more preferred, with C. felis being preferred. Such fleas are also preferred for the isolation of proteins or nucleic acid molecules of the present invention.

[0047] One embodiment of a flea HMT and/or HNC protein of the present invention is a fusion protein that includes a flea HMT and/or HNC protein-containing domain attached to one or more fusion segments. Suitable fusion segments for use with the present invention include, but are not limited to, segments that can: enhance a protein's stability; act as an immunopotentiator to enhance an immune response against a flea HMT and/or HNC protein; and/or assist in purification of a flea HMT and/or HNC protein (e.g., by affinity chromatography). A suitable fusion segment can be a domain of any size that has the desired function (e.g., imparts increased stability, imparts increased immunogenicity to a protein, and/or simplifies purification of a protein). Fusion segments can be joined to amino and/or carboxyl termini of the flea HMT-containing and/or HNC-containing domain of the protein and can be susceptible to cleavage in order to enable straight-forward recovery of a flea HMT and/or HNC protein. Fusion proteins are preferably produced by culturing a recombinant cell transformed with a fusion nucleic acid molecule that encodes a protein including the fusion segment attached to either the carboxyl and/or amino terminal end of an HMT-containing and/or HNC-containing domain. Preferred fusion segments include a metal binding domain (e.g., a poly-histidine segment); an immunoglobulin binding domain (e.g., Protein A; Protein G; T cell; B cell; Fc receptor or complement protein antibody-binding domains); a sugar binding domain (e.g., a maltose binding domain); and/or a “tag” domain (e.g., at least a portion of β-galactosidase, a strep tag peptide, a T7 tag peptide, a Flag™ peptide, or other domains that can be purified using compounds that bind to the domain, such as monoclonal antibodies). More preferred fusion segments include metal binding domains, such as a poly-histidine segment; a maltose binding domain; a strep tag peptide, such as that available from Biometra in Tampa, Fla.; and an S10 peptide.

[0048] The present invention also includes mimetopes of flea HMT and/or HNC proteins of the present invention. As used herein, a mimetope of a flea HMT and/or HNC protein of the present invention refers to any compound that is able to mimic the activity of such an HMT and/or HNC protein, often because the mimetope has a structure that mimics the particular HMT and/or HNC protein. Mimetopes can be, but are not limited to: peptides that have been modified to decrease their susceptibility to degradation such as all-D retro peptides; anti-idiotypic and/or catalytic antibodies, or fragments thereof; non-proteinaceous immunogenic portions of an isolated protein (e.g., carbohydrate structures); and synthetic or natural organic molecules, including nucleic acids. Such mimetopes can be designed using computer-generated structures of proteins of the present invention. Mimetopes can also be obtained by generating random samples of molecules, such as oligonucleotides, peptides or other organic molecules, and screening such samples by affinity chromatography techniques using the corresponding binding partner.

[0049] Another embodiment of the present invention is an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a flea HMT and/or HNC nucleic acid molecule, i.e. a nucleic acid molecule that can be isolated from a HMT cDNA library, from a HNC cDNA library, or from both libraries. As used herein, HMT and HNC nucleic acid molecules has the same meaning as HMT and/or HNC nucleic acid molecule. The identifying characteristics of such nucleic acid molecules are heretofore described. A nucleic acid molecule of the present invention can include an isolated natural flea HMT and/or HNC gene or a homologue thereof, the latter of which is described in more detail below. A nucleic acid molecule of the present invention can include one or more regulatory regions, full-length or partial coding regions, or combinations thereof. The minimal size of a nucleic acid molecule of the present invention is a size sufficient to allow the formation of a stable hybrid (i.e., hybridization under stringent hybridization conditions) with the complementary sequence of another nucleic acid molecule. As such, the minimal size of a HMT and/or HNC nucleic acid molecule of the present invention is from 12 to 18 nucleotides in length. Suitable and preferred fleas from which to isolate nucleic acid molecules of the present invention are disclosed herein. Particularly preferred HMT and/or HNC nucleic acid molecules include C. felis HMT and/or HNC nucleic acid molecules.

[0050] In accordance with the present invention, an isolated nucleic acid molecule is a nucleic acid molecule that has been removed from its natural milieu (i.e., that has been subjected to human manipulation) and can include DNA, RNA, or derivatives of either DNA or RNA. As such, “isolated” does not reflect the extent to which the nucleic acid molecule has been purified. Isolated flea HMT and/or HNC nucleic acid molecules of the present invention, or homologues thereof, can be isolated from a natural source or produced using recombinant DNA technology (e.g., polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification or cloning) or chemical synthesis. Isolated flea HMT and/or HNC nucleic acid molecules, and homologues thereof, can include, for example, natural allelic variants and nucleic acid molecules modified by nucleotide insertions, deletions, substitutions, and/or inversions in a manner such that the modifications do not substantially interfere with the nucleic acid molecule's ability to encode a HMT and/or HNC protein of the present invention.

[0051] A flea HMT and/or HNC nucleic acid molecule homologue can be produced using a number of methods known to those skilled in the art, see, for example, Sambrook et al., ibid., is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. For example, nucleic acid molecules can be modified using a variety of techniques including, but not limited to, classic mutagenesis and recombinant DNA techniques such as site-directed mutagenesis, chemical treatment, restriction enzyme cleavage, ligation of nucleic acid fragments, PCR amplification, synthesis of oligonucleotide mixtures and ligation of mixture groups to “build” a mixture of nucleic acid molecules, and combinations thereof. Nucleic acid molecule homologues can be selected by hybridization with flea HMT and/or HNC nucleic acid molecules or by screening the function of a protein encoded by the nucleic acid molecule (e.g., ability to elicit an immune response against at least one epitope of a flea HMT or HNC protein or to effect HMT or HNC activity).

[0052] An isolated nucleic acid molecule of the present invention can include a nucleic acid sequence that encodes at least one flea HMT or HNC protein of the present invention, examples of such proteins being disclosed herein. Although the phrase “nucleic acid molecule” primarily refers to the physical nucleic acid molecule and the phrase “nucleic acid sequence” primarily refers to the sequence of nucleotides on the nucleic acid molecule, the two phrases can be used interchangeably, especially with respect to a nucleic acid molecule, or a nucleic acid sequence, being capable of encoding a flea HMT or HNC protein.

[0053] A preferred nucleic acid molecule of the present invention, when administered to an animal, is capable of protecting that animal from flea infestation. As will be disclosed in more detail below, such a nucleic acid molecule can be, or encode, an antisense RNA, a molecule capable of triple helix formation, a ribozyme, or other nucleic acid-based drug compound. In additional embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule of the present invention can encode a protective protein (e.g., an HMT or HNC protein of the present invention), the nucleic acid molecule being delivered to the animal, for example, by direct injection (i.e., as a genetic vaccine) or in a vehicle such as a recombinant virus vaccine or a recombinant cell vaccine.

[0054] In one embodiment of the present invention, a preferred flea HMT and/or HNC nucleic acid molecule includes an isolated nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes under conditions that preferably allow less than or equal to 30% base pair mismatch, preferably under conditions that allow less than or equal to 25% base pair mismatch, preferably under conditions that allow less than or equal to 20% base pair mismatch, preferably under conditions that allow less than or equal to 15% base pair mismatch, preferably under conditions that allow less than or equal to 10% base pair mismatch and preferably under conditions that allow less than or equal to 5% base pair mismatch with a nucleic acid molecule of Table I and/or Table II and/or a nucleic acid molecule that is complementary to a nucleic acid molecule of Table I and/or Table II.

[0055] Another embodiment of the present invention includes a HMT and/or HNC nucleic acid molecule, wherein said nucleic acid molecule hybridizes, in a solution comprising 1×SSC in the absence of helix destabilizing compounds, at a temperature of 47.5° C., to an isolated nucleic acid molecule a nucleic acid molecule of Table I or Table II and/or a nucleic acid molecule that is complementary to a nucleic acid molecule of Table I or Table II. Additional preferred nucleic acid molecules of the present invention include oligonucleotides of an isolated nucleic acid molecule, wherein said nucleic acid molecule hybridizes, in a solution comprising 1×SSC in the absence of helix destabilizing compounds, at a temperature of 47.5° C., to an isolated nucleic acid molecule of Table I or Table II and/or a nucleic acid molecule that is complementary to a nucleic acid molecule of Table I or Table II, wherein said oligonucleotide comprises at least 18 nucleotides.

[0056] Additional preferred flea HMT and/or HNC nucleic acid molecules of the present invention include nucleic acid molecules comprising a nucleic acid sequence that is preferably at least 70%, preferably at least 75%, preferably at least 80% preferably at least 85%, preferably at least 90%, and preferably at least 95% identical to a nucleic acid sequence of Table I or Table II and/or a nucleic acid molecule that is complementary to a nucleic acid molecule of Table I or Table II. Also preferred are oligonucleotides of any of such nucleic acid molecules. Percent identity may be determined using the SeqLab sequence analysis software, using default parameters.

[0057] Another preferred nucleic acid molecule of the present invention includes at least a portion of nucleic acid sequence of Table I or Table II, as well as allelic variants of nucleic acid molecules having these nucleic acid sequences and homologues of nucleic acid molecules having these nucleic acid sequences; preferably such a homologue encodes or is complementary to a nucleic acid molecule that encodes at least one epitope that elicits an immune response against a protein encoded by a nucleic acid molecule of Table I and/or Table II. Such nucleic acid molecules can include nucleotides in addition to those included in the SEQ ID NOs, such as, but not limited to, a full-length gene, a full-length coding region, a nucleic acid molecule encoding a fusion protein, or a nucleic acid molecule encoding a multivalent protective compound.

[0058] In one embodiment, HMT and/or HNC nucleic acid molecule of the present invention encodes a protein that is at least 70%, preferably at least 75%, preferably at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, preferably at least 90%, preferably at least 95%, preferably at least 98%, and preferably at least 100% identical to a protein encoded by a nucleic acid molecule having a sequence of Table I and/or Table II.

[0059] In one embodiment, a HMT and/or HNC nucleic acid molecule of the present invention encodes a protein having an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, preferably at least 75%, preferably at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, preferably at least 90%; preferably at least 95%, preferably at least 98%, and preferably at least 100% identical to a protein encoded by a nucleic acid molecule having a sequence of Table I and/or Table II. The present invention also includes a HMT and/or HNC nucleic acid molecule encoding a protein having at least a portion of a protein encoded by a nucleic acid molecule having a sequence of Table I and/or Table II, as well as allelic variants of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a protein having these sequences, including nucleic acid molecules that have been modified to accommodate codon usage properties of the cells in which such nucleic acid molecules are to be expressed.

[0060] In another embodiment, a preferred flea HMT and/or HNC nucleic acid molecule of the present invention comprises a nucleic acid molecule comprising at least 15 nucleotides, preferably at least 18 nucleotides, preferably at least 20 nucleotides, preferably at least 25 nucleotides, preferably at least 30 nucleotides, preferably at least 40 nucleotides, preferably at least 50 nucleotides, preferably at least 100 nucleotides, preferably at least 150 nucleotides, preferably at least 350 nucleotides, preferably at least 450 nucleotides, preferably at least 550 nucleotides, preferably at least 650 nucleotides, preferably at least 750 nucleotides, preferably at least 1000 nucleotides, and preferably at least 1100 nucleotides in length.

[0061] In another embodiment, a preferred flea HMT and/or HNC nucleic acid molecule encodes a protein comprising at least 5 amino acids, preferably at least 6 amino acids, preferably at least 10 amino acids, preferably at least 15 amino acids, preferably at least 20 amino acids, preferably at least 25 amino acids, preferably at least 30 amino acids, preferably at least 40 amino acids, preferably at least 50 amino acids, preferably at least 100 amino acids, preferably at least 150 amino acids, preferably at least 200 amino acids, preferably at least 300 amino acids, preferably at least 350 amino acids, and preferably at least 350 amino acids in length.

[0062] In another embodiment, a preferred flea HMT and/or HNC nucleic acid molecule of the present invention comprises an apparently full-length HMT and/or HNC coding region, i.e., the preferred nucleic acid molecule encodes an apparently full-length HMT and/or HNC protein, or a post-translationally modified protein thereof. In one embodiment, a preferred HMT and/or HNC nucleic acid molecule of the present invention encodes a mature protein.

[0063] Knowing the nucleic acid sequences of certain flea HMT and/or HNC nucleic acid molecules of the present invention allows one skilled in the art to, for example, (a) make copies of those nucleic acid molecules, (b) obtain nucleic acid molecules including at least a portion of such nucleic acid molecules (e.g., nucleic acid molecules including full-length genes, full-length coding regions, regulatory control sequences, truncated coding regions), and (c) obtain other flea HMT and/or HNC nucleic acid molecules. Such nucleic acid molecules can be obtained in a variety of ways including screening appropriate expression libraries with antibodies of the present invention; traditional cloning techniques using oligonucleotide probes of the present invention to screen appropriate libraries; and PCR amplification of appropriate libraries or DNA using oligonucleotide primers of the present invention. Preferred libraries to screen or from which to amplify nucleic acid molecules include flea 1^(st) instar larvae; 3^(rd) instar larvae, wandering larvae, prepupal larvae, pupae and whole adult flea cDNA libraries as well as genomic DNA libraries. Similarly, preferred DNA sources to screen or from which to amplify nucleic acid molecules include flea prepupal cDNA, adult cDNA and genomic DNA. Techniques to clone and amplify genes are disclosed, for example, in Sambrook et al., ibid.

[0064] The present invention also includes nucleic acid molecules that are oligonucleotides capable of hybridizing, under stringent hybridization conditions, with complementary regions of other, preferably longer, nucleic acid molecules of the present invention such as those comprising C. felis HMT and/or HNC nucleic acid molecules or other flea HMT and/or HNC nucleic acid molecules. Oligonucleotides of the present invention can be RNA, DNA, or derivatives of either. The minimum size of such oligonucleotides is the size required for formation of a stable hybrid between an oligonucleotide and a complementary sequence on a nucleic acid molecule of the present invention. A preferred oligonucleotide of the present invention has a maximum size of preferably 100 to 200 nucleotides. The present invention includes oligonucleotides that can be used as, for example, probes to identify nucleic acid molecules, primers to produce nucleic acid molecules, or therapeutic reagents to inhibit flea HMT and/or HNC protein production or activity (e.g., as antisense, triplex formation, ribozyme and/or RNA drug-based reagents). The present invention also includes the use of such oligonucleotides to protect animals from disease using one or more of such technologies. Appropriate oligonucleotide-containing therapeutic compositions can be administered to an animal using techniques known to those skilled in the art.

[0065] One embodiment of the present invention includes a recombinant vector, which includes at least one isolated nucleic acid molecule of the present invention, inserted into any vector capable of delivering the nucleic acid molecule into a host cell. Such a vector contains heterologous nucleic acid sequences, that is nucleic acid sequences that are not naturally found adjacent to nucleic acid molecules of the present invention and that preferably are derived from a species other than the species from which the nucleic acid molecule(s) are derived. The vector can be either RNA or DNA, either prokaryotic or eukaryotic, and typically is a virus or a plasmid. Recombinant vectors can be used in the cloning, sequencing, and/or otherwise manipulating of flea HMT and/or HNC nucleic acid molecules of the present invention.

[0066] One type of recombinant vector, referred to herein as a recombinant molecule, comprises a nucleic acid molecule of the present invention operatively linked to an expression vector. The phrase operatively linked refers to insertion of a nucleic acid molecule into an expression vector in a manner such that the molecule is able to be expressed when transformed into a host cell. As used herein, an expression vector is a DNA or RNA vector that is capable of transforming a host cell and of effecting expression of a specified nucleic acid molecule. Preferably, the expression vector is also capable of replicating within the host cell. Expression vectors can be either prokaryotic or eukaryotic, and are typically viruses or plasmids. Expression vectors of the present invention include any vectors that function (i.e., direct gene expression) in recombinant cells of the present invention, including in bacterial, fungal, parasite, insect, other animal, and plant cells. Preferred expression vectors of the present invention can direct gene expression in bacterial, yeast, insect and mammalian cells, and preferably in the cell types disclosed herein.

[0067] In particular, expression vectors of the present invention contain regulatory sequences such as transcription control sequences, translation control sequences, origins of replication, and other regulatory sequences that are compatible with the recombinant cell and that control the expression of nucleic acid molecules of the present invention. In particular, recombinant molecules of the present invention include transcription control sequences. Transcription control sequences are sequences that control the initiation, elongation, and termination of transcription. Particularly important transcription control sequences are those which control transcription initiation, such as promoter, enhancer, operator and repressor sequences. Suitable transcription control sequences include any transcription control sequence that can function in at least one of the recombinant cells of the present invention. A variety of such transcription control sequences are known to those skilled in the art. Preferred transcription control sequences include those that function in bacterial, yeast, or insect and mammalian cells, such as, but not limited to, tac, lac, trp, trc, oxy-pro, omp/lpp, rrnB, bacteriophage lambda (such as lambda p_(L) and lambda p_(R) and fusions that include such promoters), bacteriophage T7, T71lac, bacteriophage T3, bacteriophage SP6, bacteriophage SP01, metallothionein, alpha-mating factor, Pichia alcohol oxidase, alphavirus subgenomic promoter, antibiotic resistance gene, baculovirus, Heliothis zea insect virus, vaccinia virus, herpesvirus, raccoon poxvirus, other poxvirus, adenovirus, cytomegalovirus (such as immediate early promoter), simian virus 40, retrovirus, actin, retroviral long terminal repeat, Rous sarcoma virus, heat shock, phosphate and nitrate transcription control sequences as well as other sequences capable of controlling gene expression in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells. Additional suitable transcription control sequences include tissue-specific promoters and enhancers as well as lymphokine-inducible promoters (e.g., promoters inducible by interferons or interleukins). Transcription control sequences of the present invention can also include naturally occurring transcription control sequences naturally associated with fleas, such as C. felis transcription control sequences.

[0068] Suitable and preferred nucleic acid molecules to include in recombinant vectors of the present invention are as disclosed herein. Preferred nucleic acid molecules to include in recombinant vectors, and particularly in recombinant molecules, include nucleic acid molecules having a sequence of Table I and/or Table II.

[0069] Recombinant molecules of the present invention may also (a) contain secretory signals (i.e., signal segment nucleic acid sequences) to enable an expressed flea protein of the present invention to be secreted from the cell that produces the protein and/or (b) contain fusion sequences which lead to the expression of nucleic acid molecules of the present invention as fusion proteins. Examples of suitable signal segments include any signal segment capable of directing the secretion of a protein of the present invention. Preferred signal segments include, but are not limited to, tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), interferon, interleukin, growth hormone, histocompatibility and viral envelope glycoprotein signal segments. Suitable fusion segments encoded by fusion segment nucleic acids are disclosed herein. In addition, a nucleic acid molecule of the present invention can be joined to a fusion segment that directs the encoded protein to the proteosome, such as a ubiquitin fusion segment. Eukaryotic recombinant molecules may also include intervening and/or untranslated sequences surrounding and/or within the nucleic acid sequences of nucleic acid molecules of the present invention.

[0070] Another embodiment of the present invention includes a recombinant cell comprising a host cell transformed with one or more recombinant molecules of the present invention. Transformation of a nucleic acid molecule into a cell can be accomplished by any method by which a nucleic acid molecule can be inserted into the cell. Transformation techniques include, but are not limited to, transfection, electroporation, microinjection, lipofection, adsorption, and protoplast fusion. A recombinant cell may remain unicellular or may grow into a tissue, organ or a multicellular organism. It is to be noted that a cell line refers to any recombinant cell of the present invention that is not a transgenic animal. Transformed nucleic acid molecules of the present invention can remain extrachromosomal or can integrate into one or more sites within a chromosome of the transformed (i.e., recombinant) cell in such a manner that their ability to be expressed is retained. Preferred nucleic acid molecules with which to transform a cell include C. felis HMT and HNC nucleic acid molecules disclosed herein. Preferred nucleic acid molecules with which to transform a cell include nucleic acid molecules having a sequence of Table I and/or Table II.

[0071] Suitable host cells to transform include any cell that can be transformed with a nucleic acid molecule of the present invention. Host cells can be either untransformed cells or cells that are already transformed with at least one nucleic acid molecule (e.g., nucleic acid molecules encoding one or more proteins of the present invention and/or other proteins useful in the production of multivalent vaccines). Host cells of the present invention either can be endogenously (i.e., naturally) capable of producing flea HMT and/or HNC proteins of the present invention or can be capable of producing such proteins after being transformed with at least one nucleic acid molecule of the present invention. Host cells of the present invention can be any cell capable of producing at least one protein of the present invention, and include bacterial, fungal (including yeast), parasite (including helminth, protozoa and ectoparasite), other insect, other animal and plant cells. Preferred host cells include bacterial, mycobacterial, yeast, insect and mammalian cells. More preferred host cells include Salmonella, Escherichia, Bacillus, Caulobacter, Listeria, Saccharomyces, Pichia, Spodoptera, Mycobacteria, Trichoplusia, BHK (baby hamster kidney) cells, MDCK cells (Madin-Darby canine kidney cell line), CRFK cells (Crandell feline kidney cell line), CV- 1 cells (African monkey kidney cell line used, for example, to culture raccoon poxvirus), COS (e.g., COS-7) cells, and Vero cells. Particularly preferred host cells are Escherichia coli, including E. coli K-12 derivatives; Salmonella typhi; Salmonella typhimurium, including attenuated strains such as UK-1 _(x)3987 and SR-11 _(x)4072; Caulobacter; Pichia; Spodoptera frugiperda; Trichoplusia ni; BHK cells; MDCK cells; CRFK cells; CV-1 cells; COS cells; Vero cells; and non-tumorigenic mouse myoblast G8 cells (e.g., ATCC CRL 1246). Additional appropriate mammalian cell hosts include other kidney cell lines, other fibroblast cell lines (e.g., human, murine or chicken embryo fibroblast cell lines), myeloma cell lines, Chinese hamster ovary cells, mouse NIH/3T3 cells, LMTK³¹ cells and/or HeLa cells. In one embodiment, the proteins may be expressed as heterologous proteins in myeloma cell lines employing immunoglobulin promoters.

[0072] A recombinant cell is preferably produced by transforming a host cell with one or more recombinant molecules, each comprising one or more nucleic acid molecules of the present invention operatively linked to an expression vector containing one or more transcription control sequences, examples of which are disclosed herein. The phrase operatively linked refers to insertion of a nucleic acid molecule into an expression vector in a manner such that the molecule is able to be expressed when transformed into a host cell.

[0073] A recombinant cell of the present invention includes any cell transformed with at least one of any nucleic acid molecule of the present invention. Suitable and preferred nucleic acid molecules as well as suitable and preferred recombinant molecules with which to transfer cells are disclosed herein.

[0074] Recombinant cells of the present invention can also be co-transformed with one or more recombinant molecules including flea HMT and/or HNC nucleic acid molecules encoding one or more proteins of the present invention and one or more other nucleic acid molecules encoding other protective compounds, as disclosed herein (e.g., to produce multivalent vaccines).

[0075] Recombinant DNA technologies can be used to improve expression of transformed nucleic acid molecules by manipulating, for example, the number of copies of the nucleic acid molecules within a host cell, the efficiency with which those nucleic acid molecules are transcribed, the efficiency with which the resultant transcripts are translated, and the efficiency of post-translational modifications. Recombinant techniques useful for increasing the expression of nucleic acid molecules of the present invention include, but are not limited to, operatively linking nucleic acid molecules to high-copy number plasmids, integration of the nucleic acid molecules into one or more host cell chromosomes, addition of vector stability sequences to plasmids, substitutions or modifications of transcription control signals (e.g., promoters, operators, enhancers), substitutions or modifications of translational control signals (e.g., ribosome binding sites, Shine-Dalgarno sequences), modification of nucleic acid molecules of the present invention to correspond to the codon usage of the host cell, deletion of sequences that destabilize transcripts, and use of control signals that temporally separate recombinant cell growth from recombinant enzyme production during fermentation. The activity of an expressed recombinant protein of the present invention may be improved by fragmenting, modifying, or derivatizing nucleic acid molecules encoding such a protein.

[0076] Isolated flea HMT and/or HNC proteins of the present invention can be produced in a variety of ways, including production and recovery of natural proteins, production and recovery of recombinant proteins, and chemical synthesis of the proteins. In one embodiment, an isolated protein of the present invention is produced by culturing a cell capable of expressing the protein under conditions effective to produce the protein, and recovering the protein. A preferred cell to culture is a recombinant cell of the present invention. Effective culture conditions include, but are not limited to, effective media, bioreactor, temperature, pH and oxygen conditions that permit protein production. An effective, medium refers to any medium in which a cell is cultured to produce a flea HMT and/or HNC protein of the present invention. Such medium typically comprises an aqueous medium having assimilable carbon, nitrogen and phosphate sources, and appropriate salts, minerals, metals and other nutrients, such as vitamins. Cells of the present invention can be cultured in conventional fermentation bioreactors, shake flasks, test tubes, microtiter dishes, and petri plates. Culturing can be carried out at a temperature, pH and oxygen content appropriate for a recombinant cell. Such culturing conditions are within the expertise of one of ordinary skill in the art. Examples of suitable conditions are included in the Examples section.

[0077] Depending on the vector and host system used for production, resultant proteins of the present invention may either remain within the recombinant cell; be secreted into the fermentation medium; be secreted into a space between two cellular membranes, such as the periplasmic space in E. coli; or be retained on the outer surface of a cell or viral membrane.

[0078] The phrase “recovering the protein”, as well as similar phrases, refers to collecting the whole fermentation medium containing the protein and need not imply additional steps of separation or purification. Proteins of the present invention can be purified using a variety of standard protein purification techniques, such as, but not limited to, affinity chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, filtration, electrophoresis, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, reverse phase chromatography, concanavalin A chromatography, chromatofocusing and differential solubilization. Proteins of the present invention are preferably retrieved in “substantially pure” form. As used herein, “substantially pure” refers to a purity that allows for the effective use of the protein as a therapeutic composition or diagnostic. A therapeutic composition for animals, for example, should exhibit no substantial toxicity and preferably should be capable of stimulating the production of antibodies in a treated animal.

[0079] The present invention also includes isolated (i.e., removed from their natural milieu) antibodies that selectively bind to a flea HMT and/or HNC protein of the present invention or a mimetope thereof (e.g., anti-C. felis HMT or HNC antibodies). As used herein, the term “selectively binds to” an HMT and/or HNC protein refers to the ability of antibodies of the present invention to preferentially bind to specified proteins and mimetopes thereof of the present invention. Binding can be measured using a variety of methods standard in the art including enzyme immunoassays (e.g., ELISA), immunoblot assays, etc.; see, for example, Sambrook et al., ibid., and Harlow, et al., 1988, Antibodies, a Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Labs Press; Harlow et al., ibid., is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. An anti-HMT or anti-HNC antibody of the present invention preferably selectively binds to a flea HMT or HNC protein respectively in such a way as to inhibit the function of that protein.

[0080] Isolated antibodies of the present invention can include antibodies in serum, or antibodies that have been purified to varying degrees. Antibodies of the present invention can be polyclonal or monoclonal, or can be functional equivalents such as antibody fragments and genetically-engineered antibodies, including single chain antibodies or chimeric antibodies that can bind to one or more epitopes.

[0081] A preferred method to produce antibodies of the present invention includes (a) administering to an animal an effective amount of a protein, peptide or mimetope thereof of the present invention to produce the antibodies and (b) recovering the antibodies. In another method, antibodies of the present invention are produced recombinantly using techniques as heretofore disclosed to produce HMT and/or HNC proteins of the present invention. Antibodies raised against defined proteins or mimetopes can be advantageous because such antibodies are not substantially contaminated with antibodies against other substances that might otherwise cause interference in a diagnostic assay or side effects if used in a therapeutic composition.

[0082] Antibodies of the present invention have a variety of potential uses that are within the scope of the present invention. For example, such antibodies can be used (a) as therapeutic compounds to passively immunize an animal in order to protect the animal from fleas susceptible to treatment by such antibodies and/or (b) as tools to screen expression libraries and/or to recover desired proteins of the present invention from a mixture of proteins and other contaminants. Furthermore, antibodies of the present invention can be used to target cytotoxic agents to fleas in order to directly kill such fleas. Targeting can be accomplished by conjugating (i.e., stably joining) such antibodies to the cytotoxic agents using techniques known to those skilled in the art. Suitable cytotoxic agents are known to those skilled in the art.

[0083] One embodiment of the present invention is a therapeutic composition that, when administered to an animal susceptible to flea infestation, is capable of protecting that animal from flea infestation. Therapeutic compositions of the present invention include at least one of the following protective molecules: an isolated flea HMT and/or HNC protein; a mimetope of an isolated flea HMT and/or HNC protein; an isolated flea HMT and/or HNC nucleic acid molecule; and/or a compound derived from said isolated flea HMT and/or HNC protein that inhibits HMT and/or HNC protein activity. A therapeutic composition of the present invention can further comprise a component selected from the group of an excipient, a carrier, and/or an adjuvant; these components are described further herein. As used herein, a protective molecule or protective compound refers to a compound that, when administered to an animal in an effective manner, is able to treat, ameliorate, and/or prevent flea infestation. Preferred fleas to target are heretofore disclosed. One example of a protective molecule is a vaccine, such as, but not limited to, a naked nucleic acid vaccine, a recombinant virus vaccine, a recombinant cell vaccine, and a recombinant protein vaccine. Another example of a protective molecule is a compound that inhibits HMT and/or HNC protein activity, such as an isolated antibody that selectively binds to a flea HMT and/or HNC protein, a substrate analog of a flea HMT and/or HNC protein, anti-sense-, triplex formation-, ribozyme-, and/or RNA drug-based compounds, or other inorganic or organic molecules that inhibit HMT and/or HNC protein activity. Inhibiting flea HMT and/or HNC protein activity can refer to the ability of a compound to reduce the activity of flea HMT and/or HNC proteins. Inhibiting flea HMT and/or HNC protein activity can also refer to the ability of a compound to reduce the amount of flea HMT and/or HNC protein in a flea.

[0084] Another embodiment of the present invention includes a method to reduce a flea infestation in an animal susceptible to flea infestation. Such a method includes the step of administering to the animal a therapeutic molecule comprising a protective compound selected from the group consisting of (a) an isolated flea HMT and/or HNC protein; (b) a mimetope of an isolated flea HMT and/or HNC protein; (c) an isolated flea HMT and/or HNC nucleic acid molecule; and (d) a compound derived from an isolated flea HMT and/or HNC protein that inhibits HMT and/or HNC protein activity.

[0085] Therapeutic compositions of the present invention can be administered to any animal susceptible to flea infestation, preferably to mammals, and preferably to dogs, cats, humans, ferrets, horses, cattle, sheep, and other pets, economic food animals, work animals and/or zoo animals. Preferred animals to protect against flea infestation include dogs, cats, humans, and ferrets, with dogs and cats being particularly preferred.

[0086] As used herein, the term derived, or the term derived from, refers to a peptide, antibody, mimetope, nucleic acid molecule, or other compound that was obtained from or obtained using a flea HMT and/or HNC protein or nucleic acid molecule of the present invention. Methods to obtain derivatives from a HMT and/or HNC molecule of the present invention are known in the art, and as such include, but are not limited to molecular modeling of HMT and/or HNC proteins to determine active sites, i.e. sites that interact with other molecules, and predicting from these active sites smaller fragments and/or mimetopes that retain and/or mimic these active sites, thereby inhibiting HMT and/or HNC protein activity; screening of peptide or small chemical compound libraries against HMT and/or HNC proteins of the present invention; and screening of polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies to find antibodies that specifically bind HMT and/or HNC proteins of the present invention.

[0087] An HMT and/or HNC protein inhibitor of the present invention is identified by its ability to bind to, modify, or otherwise interact with, a flea HMT and/or HNC protein, thereby inhibiting the activity of HMT and/or HNC proteins. Suitable inhibitors of HMT and/or HNC protein activity are compounds that inhibit HMT and/or HNC protein activity in at least one of a variety of ways: (a) by binding to or otherwise interacting with or otherwise modifying HMT and/or HNC protein sites; (b) by binding to the HMT and/or HNC protein and thus reducing the availability of the HMT and/or HNC protein in solution; and (c) by interacting with other regions of the HMT and/or HNC protein to inhibit HMT and/or HNC protein activity, for example, by allosteric interaction.

[0088] Flea HMT and/or HNC protein inhibitors can be used directly as compounds in compositions of the present invention to treat animals as long as such compounds are not harmful to host animals being treated. Preferred HMT and/or HNC protein inhibitors of the present invention include, but are not limited to, flea HMT and/or HNC protein substrate analogs, and other molecules that bind to a flea HMT and/or HNC proteins (e.g., to an allosteric site) in such a manner that the activity of the flea HMT and/or HNC protein is inhibited. An HMT and/or HNC protein substrate analog refers to a compound that interacts with (e.g., binds to, associates with, modifies) the active site of a HMT and/or HNC protein. A preferred HMT and/or HNC protein substrate analog inhibits HMT and/or HNC protein activity. HMT and/or HNC protein substrate analogs can be of any inorganic or organic composition. HMT and/or HNC protein substrate analogs can be, but need not be, structurally similar to a HMT and/or HNC protein natural substrate as long as they can interact with the active site of that HMT and/or HNC protein. HMT and/or HNC protein substrate analogs can be designed using computer-generated structures of HMT and/or HNC proteins of the present invention or computer structures of HMT and/or HNC protein's natural substrates. Preferred sites to model include one or more of the active sites of HMT and/or HNC protein. Substrate analogs can also be obtained by generating random samples of molecules, such as oligonucleotides, peptides, peptidomimetic compounds, or other inorganic or organic molecules, and screening such samples for their ability to interfere with interaction between HMT and/or HNC proteins and their substrates, e.g. by affinity chromatography techniques. A preferred HMT and/or HNC protein substrate analog is a HMT and/or HNC protein mimetic compound, i.e., a compound that is structurally and/or functionally similar to a natural substrate of a HMT and/or HNC protein of the present invention, particularly to the region of the substrate that interacts with the HMT and/or HNC protein active site, but that inhibits HMT and/or HNC protein activity upon interacting with the HMT and/or HNC protein active site.

[0089] The present invention also includes a therapeutic composition comprising at least one protective molecule of the present invention in combination with at least one additional compound protective against one or more infectious agents.

[0090] In one embodiment, a therapeutic composition of the present invention can be used to protect an animal from flea infestation by administering such composition to a flea in order to prevent infestation. Such administration to the flea and/or animal could be oral, or by application to the animal's body surface (e.g. topical spot-on, or spraying onto the animal), or by application to the environment (e.g., spraying). Examples of such compositions include, but are not limited to, transgenic vectors capable of producing at least one therapeutic composition of the present invention. In another embodiment a flea can ingest therapeutic compositions, or products thereof, present on the surface of or in the blood of a host animal that has been administered a therapeutic composition of the present invention.

[0091] In accordance with the present invention, a host animal (i.e., an animal that is or is capable of being infested with fleas) is treated by administering to the animal a therapeutic composition of the present invention in such a manner that the composition itself (e.g, a HMT and/or HNC protein, a HMT and/or HNC nucleic acid molecule, a HMT and/or HNC protein inhibitor, a HMT and/or HNC protein synthesis suppressor (i.e., a compound that decreases the production or half-life of a HMT and/or HNC protein in fleas), a HMT and/or HNC protein mimetope, or a anti-HMT and/or HNC antibody) or a product generated by the animal in response to administration of the composition (e.g., antibodies produced in response to administration of a flea HMT and/or HNC protein or nucleic acid molecule, or conversion of an inactive inhibitor “prodrug” to an active HMT and/or HNC protein inhibitor) ultimately enters the flea. A host animal is preferably treated in such a way that the compound or product thereof is present on the body surface of the animal or enters the blood stream of the animal. Fleas are then exposed to the composition or product when they feed from the animal. For example, flea HMT and/or HNC protein inhibitors administered to an animal are administered in such a way that the inhibitors enter the blood stream of the animal, where they can be taken up by feeding fleas.

[0092] The present invention also includes the ability to reduce larval flea infestation in that when fleas feed from a host animal that has been administered a therapeutic composition of the present invention, at least a portion of compounds of the present invention, or products thereof, in the blood taken up by the fleas are excreted by the fleas in feces, which is subsequently ingested by flea larvae. In particular, it is of note that flea larvae obtain most, if not all, of their nutrition from flea feces.

[0093] In accordance with the present invention, reducing HMT and/or HNC protein activity in a flea can lead to a number of outcomes that reduce flea burden on treated animals and their surrounding environments. Such outcomes include, but are not limited to, (a) reducing the viability of fleas that feed from the treated animal, (b) reducing the fecundity of female fleas that feed from the treated animal, (c) reducing the reproductive capacity of male fleas that feed from the treated animal, (d) reducing the viability of eggs laid by female fleas that feed from the treated animal, (e) altering the blood feeding behavior of fleas that feed from the treated animal (e.g., fleas take up less volume per feeding or feed less frequently), (f) reducing the viability of flea larvae, for example due to the feeding of larvae from feces of fleas that feed from the treated animal, (g) altering the development of flea larvae (e.g., by decreasing feeding behavior, inhibiting growth, inhibiting (e.g., slowing or blocking) molting, and/or otherwise inhibiting maturation to adults), and/or (h) altering or decreasing the ability of fleas or flea larvae to digest a blood meal.

[0094] In order to protect an animal from flea infestation, a therapeutic composition of the present invention is administered to the animal in an effective manner such that the composition is capable of protecting that animal from flea infestation. Therapeutic compositions of the present invention can be administered to animals prior to infestation in order to prevent infestation (i.e., as a preventative vaccine) and/or can be administered to animals after infestation. For example, proteins, mimetopes thereof, and antibodies thereof can be used as immunotherapeutic agents.

[0095] Therapeutic compositions of the present invention can be formulated in an excipient that the animal to be treated can tolerate. Examples of such excipients include water, saline, Ringer's solution, dextrose solution, Hank's solution, and other aqueous physiologically balanced salt solutions. Nonaqueous vehicles, such as fixed oils, sesame oil, ethyl oleate, or triglycerides may also be used. Other useful formulations include suspensions containing viscosity enhancing agents, such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sorbitol, or dextran. Excipients can also contain minor amounts of additives, such as substances that enhance isotonicity and chemical stability. Examples of buffers include phosphate buffer, bicarbonate buffer and Tris buffer, while examples of preservatives include thimerosal, or o-cresol, formalin and benzyl alcohol. Standard formulations can either be liquid injectables or solids which can be taken up in a suitable liquid as a suspension or solution for injection. Thus, in a non-liquid formulation, the excipient can comprise dextrose, human serum albumin, preservatives, etc., to which sterile water or saline can be added prior to administration.

[0096] In one embodiment of the present invention, a therapeutic composition can include an adjuvant. Adjuvants are agents that are capable of enhancing the immune response of an animal to a specific antigen. Suitable adjuvants include, but are not limited to, cytokines, chemokines, and compounds that induce the production of cytokines and chemokines (e.g., granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), Flt-3 ligand, granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), colony stimulating factor (CSF), erythropoietin (EPO), interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin-3 (IL-3), interleukin 4 (IL-4), interleukin 5 (IL-5), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 7 (IL-7), interleukin 8 (IL-8), interleukin 10 (IL-10), interleukin 12 (IL-12), interferon gamma, interferon gamma inducing factor I (IGIF), transforming growth factor beta, RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and presumably secreted), macrophage inflammatory proteins (e.g., MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta), and Leishmania elongation initiating factor (LEIF)); bacterial components (e.g., endotoxins, in particular superantigens, exotoxins and cell wall components); aluminum-based salts; calcium-based salts; silica; polynucleotides; toxoids; serum proteins, viral coat proteins; block copolymer adjuvants (e.g., Hunter's Titermax™ adjuvant (Vaxcel™, Inc. Norcross, Ga.), Ribi adjuvants (Ribi ImmunoChem Research, Inc., Hamilton, Mont.); and saponins and their derivatives (e.g., Quil A (Superfos Biosector A/S, Denmark). Protein adjuvants of the present invention can be delivered in the form of the protein themselves or of nucleic acid molecules encoding such proteins using the methods described herein.

[0097] In one embodiment of the present invention, a therapeutic composition can include a carrier. Carriers include compounds that increase the half-life of a therapeutic composition in the treated animal. Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, polymeric controlled release vehicles, biodegradable implants, liposomes, bacteria, viruses, other cells, oils, esters, and glycols.

[0098] One embodiment of the present invention is a controlled release formulation that is capable of slowly releasing a composition of the present invention into an animal. As used herein, a controlled release formulation comprises a composition of the present invention in a controlled release vehicle. Suitable controlled release vehicles include, but are not limited to, biocompatible polymers, other polymeric matrices, capsules, microcapsules, microparticles, bolus preparations, osmotic pumps, diffusion devices, liposomes, lipospheres, and transdermal delivery systems. Other controlled release formulations of the present invention include liquids that, upon administration to an animal, form a solid or a gel in situ. Preferred controlled release formulations are biodegradable (i.e., bioerodible).

[0099] A preferred controlled release formulation of the present invention is capable of releasing a composition of the present invention into the blood of the treated animal at a constant rate sufficient to attain therapeutic dose levels of the composition to protect an animal from flea infestation. The therapeutic composition is preferably released over a period of time ranging from about 1 to about 12 months. A controlled release formulation of the present invention is capable of effecting a treatment preferably for at least 1 month, preferably for at least 3 months, preferably for at least 6 months, preferably for at least 9 months, and preferably for at least 12 months.

[0100] Acceptable protocols to administer therapeutic compositions in an effective manner include individual dose size, number of doses, frequency of dose administration, and mode of administration. Determination of such protocols can be accomplished by those skilled in the art. A suitable single dose is a dose that is capable of protecting an animal from disease when administered one or more times over a suitable time period. For example, a preferred single dose of a protein, mimetope or antibody therapeutic composition, including a recombinant protein vaccine, is from about 1 microgram (μg) to about 10 milligrams (mg) of the therapeutic composition per kilogram body weight of the animal. Booster vaccinations can be administered from about 2 weeks to several years after the original administration. Booster administrations preferably are administered when the immune response of the animal becomes insufficient to protect the animal from disease. A preferred administration schedule is one in which from about 10 μg to about 1 mg of the therapeutic composition per kg body weight of the animal is administered from about one to about two times over a time period of from about 2 weeks to about 12 months. Modes of administration can include, but are not limited to, subcutaneous, intradermal, intravenous, intranasal, oral, transdermal, intraocular, intranasal, conjunctival, and intramuscular routes. Methods of administration for other therapeutic compounds can be determined by one skilled in the art, and may include administration of a therapeutic composition one or more times, on a daily, weekly, monthly or yearly regimen; routes of administration can be determined by one skilled in the art, and may include any route. A preferred route of administration of an inhibitory compound when administering to fleas is a topical, or “spot-on” formulation administered to the body surface of the animal, so that a flea would encounter the inhibitory compound when attached to the animal; another preferred route of administration of an inhibitory compound is an oral formulation that, when fed to an animal, would enter the bloodstream of the animal, which would then be transferred to a flea while feeding from the animal.

[0101] A recombinant protein vaccine of the present invention comprises a recombinantly-produced flea HMT and/or HNC protein of the present invention that is administered to an animal according to a protocol that results in the animal producing a sufficient immune response to protect itself from a flea infestation. Such protocols can be determined by those skilled in the art.

[0102] According to one embodiment, a nucleic acid molecule of the present invention can be administered to an animal in a fashion to enable expression of that nucleic acid molecule into a protective protein or protective RNA (e.g., antisense RNA, ribozyme, triple helix forms or RNA drug) in the animal. Nucleic acid molecules can be delivered to an animal in a variety of methods including, but not limited to, (a) administering a naked (i.e., not packaged in a viral coat or cellular membrane) nucleic acid as a genetic vaccine (e.g., as naked DNA or RNA molecules, such as is taught, for example in Wolff et al., 1990, Science 247, 1465-1468) or (b) administering a nucleic acid molecule packaged as a recombinant virus vaccine or as a recombinant cell vaccine (i.e., the nucleic acid molecule is delivered by a viral or cellular vehicle).

[0103] A genetic (i.e., naked nucleic acid) vaccine of the present invention includes a nucleic acid molecule of the present invention and preferably includes a recombinant molecule of the present invention that preferably is replication, or otherwise amplification, competent. A genetic vaccine of the present invention can comprise one or more nucleic acid molecules of the present invention in the form of, for example, a dicistronic recombinant molecule. Preferred genetic vaccines include at least a portion of a viral genome, i.e., a viral vector. Preferred viral vectors include those based on alphaviruses, poxviruses, adenoviruses, herpesviruses, picornaviruses, and retroviruses, with those based on alphaviruses, such as sindbis or Semliki forest virus, species-specific herpesviruses and poxviruses being particularly preferred. Any suitable transcription control sequence can be used, including those disclosed as suitable for protein production. Particularly preferred transcription control sequences include cytomegalovirus immediate early (preferably in conjunction with Intron-A), Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat, and tissue-specific transcription control sequences, as well as transcription control sequences endogenous to viral vectors if viral vectors are used. The incorporation of a “strong” polyadenylation signal is also preferred.

[0104] Genetic vaccines of the present invention can be administered in a variety of ways, with intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, transdermal, conjunctival, intraocular, intranasal and oral routes of administration being preferred. A preferred single dose of a genetic vaccine ranges from about 1 nanogram (ng) to about 600 μg, depending on the route of administration and/or method of delivery, as can be determined by those skilled in the art. Suitable delivery methods include, for example, by injection, as drops, aerosolized and/or topically. Genetic vaccines of the present invention can be contained in an aqueous excipient (e.g., phosphate buffered saline) alone or in a carrier (e.g., lipid-based vehicles).

[0105] A recombinant virus vaccine of the present invention includes a recombinant molecule of the present invention that is packaged in a viral coat and that can be expressed in an animal after administration. Preferably, the recombinant molecule is packaging- or replication-deficient and/or encodes an attenuated virus. A number of recombinant viruses can be used, including, but not limited to, those based on alphaviruses, poxviruses, adenoviruses, herpesviruses, picornaviruses, and retroviruses. Preferred recombinant virus vaccines are those based on alphaviruses (such as Sindbis virus), raccoon poxviruses, species-specific herpesviruses and species-specific poxviruses. An example of methods to produce and use alphavirus recombinant virus vaccines are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,766,602 to Xiong and Grieve, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

[0106] When administered to an animal, a recombinant virus vaccine of the present invention infects cells within the immunized animal and directs the production of a protective protein or RNA nucleic acid molecule that is capable of protecting the animal from flea infestation as disclosed herein. For example, a recombinant virus vaccine comprising a flea HMT and/or HNC nucleic acid molecule of the present invention is administered according to a protocol that results in the animal producing a sufficient immune response to protect itself from flea infestation. A preferred single dose of a recombinant virus vaccine of the present invention is from about 1×10⁴ to about 1×10⁸ virus plaque forming units (pfu) per kilogram body weight of the animal. Administration protocols are similar to those described herein for protein-based vaccines, with subcutaneous, intramuscular, intranasal, intraocular, conjunctival, and oral administration routes being preferred.

[0107] A recombinant cell vaccine of the present invention includes recombinant cells of the present invention that express at least one protein of the present invention. Preferred recombinant cells for this embodiment include Salmonella, E. coli, Listeria, Mycobacterium, S. frugiperda, yeast, (including Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris), BHK, CV-1, myoblast G8, COS (e.g., COS-7), Vero, MDCK and CRFK recombinant cells. Recombinant cell vaccines of the present invention can be administered in a variety of ways but have the advantage that they can be administered orally, preferably at doses ranging from about 10⁸ to about 10¹² cells per kilogram body weight. Administration protocols are similar to those described herein for protein-based vaccines. Recombinant cell vaccines can comprise whole cells, cells stripped of cell walls or cell lysates.

[0108] The efficacy of a therapeutic composition of the present invention to protect an animal from flea infestation can be tested in a variety of ways including, but not limited to, detection of protective antibodies (using, for example, proteins or mimetopes of the present invention), detection of cellular immunity within the treated animal, or challenge of the treated animal with the fleas to determine whether the treated animal is resistant to infestation. Challenge studies can include direct administration of fleas to the treated animal. In one embodiment, therapeutic compositions can be tested in animal models such as mice. Such techniques are known to those skilled in the art.

[0109] One therapeutic composition of the present invention includes an inhibitor of flea HMT and/or HNC protein activity, i.e., a compound capable of substantially interfering with the function of a flea HMT and/or HNC protein susceptible to inhibition by an inhibitor of flea HMT and/or HNC protein activity. An inhibitor of HMT and/or HNC protein activity can be identified using flea HMT and/or HNC proteins of the present invention. An inhibitor of HMT and/or HNC protein function can be identified using flea HMT and/or HNC proteins of the present invention. A preferred inhibitor of HMT and/or HNC protein function is a compound capable of substantially interfering with the function of a flea HMT and/or HNC protein and which does not substantially interfere with host animal proteins. As used herein, a compound that does not substantially inhibit or interfere with host animal proteins is one that, when administered to a host animal, the host animal shows no significant adverse effects attributable to the compound and which, when administered to an animal in an effective manner, is capable of protecting that animal from flea infestation.

[0110] One embodiment of the present invention is a method to identify a compound capable of inhibiting HMT and/or HNC protein activity of a flea. Such a method includes the steps of (a) contacting (e.g., combining, mixing) an isolated flea HMT and/or HNC protein, preferably a C. felis HMT and/or HNC protein of the present invention, with a putative inhibitory compound under conditions in which, in the absence of the compound, the protein has HMT and/or HNC protein activity, and (b) determining if the putative inhibitory compound inhibits the activity. HMT and/or HNC protein activity can be determined in a variety of ways known in the art, including but not limited to determining the ability of HMT and/or HNC protein to bind to or otherwise interact with a substrate. Such conditions under which a HMT and/or HNC protein has HMT and/or HNC protein activity include conditions in which a HMT and/or HNC protein has a correct three-dimensionally folded structure under physiologic conditions, i.e. physiologic pH, physiologic ionic concentrations, and physiologic temperatures.

[0111] Putative inhibitory compounds to screen include antibodies (including fragments and mimetopes thereof), putative substrate analogs, and other, preferably small, organic or inorganic molecules. Methods to determine HMT and/or HNC protein activity are known to those skilled in the art; see, for example, the Examples section of the present application. Methods to determine binding of a putative inhibitory compound to a HMT and/or HNC protein of the present invention are known to those of skill in the art and include, for example, determining changes in molecular mass using surface plasmon resonance (e.g., determining light scatter by an inhibitor of a HMT and/or HNC protein, before and after contacting the inhibitor or protein with a HMT and/or HNC protein or inhibitor, respectively) or screening for compounds that inhibit interaction between a HMT and/or HNC protein and a substrate.

[0112] A preferred method to identify a compound capable of inhibiting HMT and/or HNC protein activity includes contacting an isolated flea HMT and/or HNC protein encoded by a nucleic acid molecule of Table I and/or Table II; (b) a protein comprising an at least 25 consecutive amino acid portion identical in sequence to a consecutive amino acid portion of a sequence as set forth in (a), wherein the protein has HMT and/or HNC protein activity; (c) a protein comprising a fragment of a protein as set forth in (a), wherein the fragment has an activity selected from the group consisting of binding to a HMT and/or HNC molecule and hydrolyzing a HMT and/or HNC protein substrate; and (d) a protein encoded by an allelic variant of a nucleic acid molecule that encodes any protein of (a), (b), or (c), with a putative inhibitory compound under conditions in which, in the absence of the compound, the protein has HMT and/or HNC protein activity; and determining if the putative inhibitory compound inhibits the activity.

[0113] Another embodiment of the present invention is an assay kit to identify an inhibitor of a flea HMT and/or HNC protein of the present invention. This kit comprises an isolated flea HMT and/or HNC protein of the present invention, and a means for determining inhibition of an activity of flea HMT and/or HNC protein, where the means enables detection of inhibition. Detection of inhibition of flea HMT and/or HNC protein identifies a putative inhibitor to be an inhibitor of flea HMT and/or HNC protein. Means for determining inhibition of flea HMT and/or HNC protein include an assay system that detects binding of a putative inhibitor to a flea HMT and/or HNC molecule, and an assay system that detects interference by a putative inhibitor of the ability of flea HMT and/or HNC protein to hydrolyze a substrate. Means and methods are described herein and are known to those skilled in the art.

[0114] The following examples are provided for the purposes of illustration and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. The following examples include a number of recombinant DNA and protein chemistry techniques known to those skilled in the art; see, for example, Sambrook et al., ibid.

EXAMPLE 1

[0115] This Example describes the isolation of RNA from the hindgut and Malpighian tubules (HMT) of Ctenocephalides felis and the use of isolated RNA to construct subtracted and unsubtracted cDNA libraries.

[0116] Approximately 10,000 hindguts and Malpighian tubules were dissected from equal numbers of cat blood fed and unfed adult C. felis with a male to female ratio of 1 to 4, and total RNA was extracted using a guanidine isothiocyanate lysis buffer and the standard procedure described by Sambrook et al. Poly-A enriched mRNA was purified from total RNA above using a mRNA Purification Kit, available from Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, N.J., following the manufacturer's protocol. The same procedures were used to extract total RNA and isolate poly-A enriched mRNA from the dissected C. felis bodies following removal of HMT, referred to hereinafter as “non-HMT mRNA”.

[0117] Poly-A enriched mRNA was used to construct a cDNA library using subtractive hybridization and suppression PCR as follows. Subtractive hybridization and TM suppression PCR was conducted using a PCR-Select™ cDNA Subtraction Kit, available from Clontech Laboratories, Inc., Palo Alto, Calif. according to the manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, this kit uses subtractive hybridization and suppression PCR to specifically amplify cDNA sequences that are present in the tester cDNA and absent in the driver cDNA, thus enriching for tester-specific sequences. The efficiency of the subtraction process can be assessed by semi-quantitative PCR and by comparing the ethidium bromide staining patterns of the subtracted and unsubtracted samples on agarose gels as described in section V.D. of the manufacturer's protocol. For the semi-quantitative PCR, three genes with mRNAs known to be expressed outside of the HMT tissue were used to test for specific subtraction. These genes encoded putative actin, N-aminopeptidase, and serine protease proteins.

[0118] Subtractive hybridization and suppression PCR was conducted under the following conditions. Two micrograms (μg) of HMT mRNA was used as the template for synthesis of the tester material and 2 μg of non-HMT mRNA was used as template for synthesis of the driver material in this reaction. The number of cycles used in the selective amplification steps was optimized using the manufacturer's protocols. Optimization resulted in the use of 24 rather than the standard 27 cycles of primary PCR in combination with 15 cycles of secondary PCR rather than the standard 12 cycles.

[0119] The products from the suppressive PCR reaction were ligated into the pCR®2. 1 vector, available from Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif., using an Original TA Cloning® Kit, available from Invitrogen. The ligation reaction was then used to transform INVαF′ One Shot™ competent cells, available from Invitrogen, which were plated on Luria broth (LB) agar with 50 micrograms per milliliter (μg/ml) ampicillin, available from Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis, Mo., and 50 μg/ml 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoyl β-D-galactopyranoside (X-Gal), available from Fisher Biotech, Fair Lawn, N.J. Transformed colonies were amplified and the DNA isolated using the standard alkaline lysis procedure described by Sambrook et al., ibid.

[0120] Automated cycle sequencing of DNA samples was performed using an ABI PRISM™ Model 377, available from Perkins Elmer, with XL upgrade DNA Sequencer, available from PE Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif., after reactions were carried out using the PRISM Dye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction Kit or the PRISM™ dRhodamine Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction Kit or the PRISM™ BigDye™ Terminator Cycle sequencing Ready Reaction Kit, available from PE Applied Biosystems, following the manufacturer's protocol, hereinafter “standard sequencing methods”. The resulting sequences are presented in Table II. Sequence analysis was performed using the MacVector™ sequence analysis software, available from International Biotechnologies Inc., New Haven, Conn., and the SeqLab sequence analysis software, using default parameters. Each sequence read was trimmed of vector sequence at either end and submitted for a search through the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine, National Institute of Health, Baltimore, Md., using the BLAST network. This database includes SwissProt+PIR+SPupdate+GenPept+GPUpdate+PDB databases. The search was conducted using the xBLAST function, which compares the translated sequences in all 6 reading frames to the protein sequences contained in the database.

[0121] An unsubtracted HMT cDNA library was constructed as follows. Approximately 10,000 HMT tissues were dissected from equal numbers of unfed and cat blood-fed adult C. felis with a male to female ratio of 1:4. Total RNA was extracted using a guanidine isothiocyanate lysis buffer and procedures described in Sambrook et al., followed by isolation using a mRNA purification kit, available from Pharmacia, according to the manufacturer's protocols. The library was constructed with 5 μg of isolated mRNA using a ZAP-cDNA® cDNA synthesis kit, and packaged using a ZAP-cDNA® Gigapack® gold cloning kit, both available from Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif. The resultant HMT library was amplified to a titer of about 5×10⁹ plaque forming units per milliliter (pfu/ml). Single clone excisions were performed using the Ex-Assist™ helper phage, available from Stratagene, and used to create double stranded plasmid template for sequencing using the manufacturer's protocols with the following exceptions. Following incubation of the SOLR cells with the cleared phage lysate, the mixture was used to inoculate LB broth, and the mix was incubated overnight and then subjected to mini-prep plasmid preparation and sequencing as described for the subtracted HMT library above.

EXAMPLE 2

[0122] This Example describes the isolation of RNA from the head and nerve cord (HNC) of Ctenocephalides felis and the use of isolated RNA to construct subtracted and unsubtracted cDNA libraries.

[0123] Approximately 4,000 heads and attached nerve cords, including the terminal abdominal ganglia were dissected from equal numbers of cat blood-fed and unfed adult C. felis with a male to female ratio of 1 to 4, and total RNA was extracted using a guanidine isothiocyanate lysis buffer and the standard procedure described by Sambrook et al. Approximately 618 μg of total RNA was recovered. Poly-A enriched mRNA was purified from total RNA above using a mRNA Purification Kit, available from Pharmacia, following the manufacturer's protocol. Approximately 13 μg of mRNA was isolated. The same procedures were used to extract total RNA and isolate poly-A enriched mRNA from the dissected C. felis bodies following removal of HNC tissues, referred to hereinafter as “non-HNC mRNA”.

[0124] Suppression subtractive PCR was conducted as described in Example 1 using a PCR-Select cDNA Subtraction kit, available from Clontech, under the following conditions. Two micrograms (μg) of HNC mRNA was used as the template for synthesis of the tester material and 2 μg of non-HMT mRNA was used as template for synthesis of the driver material in this reaction. The number of cycles used in the selective amplification steps was optimized using the manufacturer's protocols. Optimization resulted in the use of 24 rather than the standard 27 cycles of primary PCR in combination with either 12 or 15 cycles of secondary PCR.

[0125] cDNA pools from various PCR cycling combinations were ligated into the TA vector using a TA cloning kit, available from Invitrogen. Aliquots of ligation reaction were transformed into Ultramax DH∝™ bacteria, available from Gibco-BRL, Gaithersburg, Md. Portions of the transformation mixes were used to inoculate LB broth cultures containing 100 μg/ml of ampicillin. The overnight cultures were plated to generate discreet colonies which were used individually for overnight cultures for plasmid preps. Transformed colonies were amplified and the DNA isolated using the standard alkaline lysis procedure described by Sambrook et al., ibid.

[0126] Automated cycle sequencing of DNA samples was performed using the standard sequencing methods described in Example 1. The resulting sequences are presented in Table I. Sequence analysis was performed using the MacVector™ sequence analysis software, available from International Biotechnologies Inc., New Haven, Conn., and the SeqLab sequence analysis software, using default parameters.

[0127] An unsubtracted cDNA library was constructed as follows. Approximately 6400 head and nerve cords were dissected from C. felis and poly-A RNA was isolated as described above. About seven μg of HNC poly-A RNA was used to construct a cDNA library using Stratagene's λZAP-cDNA Synthesis Kit and protocol. The resultant HNC library was amplified to a titer of about 5×10⁹ plaque forming units per milliliter (pfu/ml). Single clone excisions were performed using the Ex-Assist helper phage, available from Stratagene, and used to create double stranded plasmid template for sequencing using the manufacturer's protocols with the following exceptions. Following incubation of the SOLR cells with the cleared phage lysate, the mixture was used to inoculate LB broth, and the mix was incubated overnight and then subjected to mini-prep plasmid preparation and sequencing as described for the subtracted library above.

[0128] While various embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail, it is apparent that modifications and adaptations of those embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art. It is to be expressly understood, however, that such modifications and adaptations are within the scope of the present invention, as set forth in the following claims:

0 SEQUENCE LISTING The patent application contains a lengthy “Sequence Listing” section. A copy of the “Sequence Listing” is available in electronic form from the USPTO web site (http://seqdata.uspto.gov/sequence.html?DocID=20040067516). An electronic copy of the “Sequence Listing” will also be available from the USPTO upon request and payment of the fee set forth in 37 CFR 1.19(b)(3). 

What is claimed is:
 1. An isolated nucleic acid molecule expressed by a tissue selected from the group consisting of a flea HMT tissue and a flea HNC tissue, identified by a method comprising: (a) constructing a cDNA library enriched for HMT or HNC expressed sequences; and (b) identifying a nucleic acid molecule in said library.
 2. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, wherein said nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a nucleic acid sequence of Table I and a nucleic acid sequence of Table II.
 3. An isolated nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a nucleic acid sequence of Table I, a nucleic acid sequence of Table II, a nucleic acid sequence complementary to a nucleic acid sequence of Table I, and a nucleic acid sequence complementary to a nucleic acid sequence of Table II, under conditions comprising (a) hybridizing in a solution comprising 1×SSC in the absence of helix destabilizing agents, at a temperature of 37° C. and (b) washing in a solution comprising 1×SSC in the absence of helix destabilizing agents, at a temperature of 47.5° C.
 4. The nucleic acid of claim 3, wherein said nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 70% identical to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a nucleic acid sequence of Table I and a nucleic acid sequence of Table II.
 5. The nucleic acid of claim 3, wherein said nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a nucleic acid sequence of Table I and a nucleic acid sequence of Table II.
 6. A recombinant molecule comprising a nucleic acid molecule as set forth in claim 3 operatively linked to a transcription control sequence.
 7. A recombinant virus comprising a nucleic acid molecule as set forth in claim
 3. 8. A recombinant cell comprising a nucleic acid molecule as set forth in claim
 3. 9. A method to produce a protein, said method comprising (a) transfecting a host cell with a nucleic acid molecule of claim 3 to produce a recombinant cell; (b) culturing the recombinant cell under conditions effective to produce said protein in said recombinant cell; and (c) recovering the protein.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein said nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 70% identical to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a nucleic acid sequence of Table I and a nucleic acid sequence of Table II.
 11. The method of claim 9, wherein said nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a nucleic acid sequence of Table I and a nucleic acid sequence of Table II.
 12. An isolated protein selected from the group consisting of: an isolated protein encoded by a nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a nucleic acid sequence complementary to a nucleic acid sequence of Table I and a nucleic acid sequence complementary to a nucleic acid sequence of Table II, under conditions comprising (a) hybridizing in a solution comprising 1×SSC in the absence of helix destabilizing agents, at a temperature of 37° C. and (b) washing in a solution comprising 1×SSC in the absence of helix destabilizing agents, at a temperature of 47.5° C.
 13. The protein of claim 12, wherein said nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a nucleic acid sequence of Table I and a nucleic acid sequence of Table II.
 14. The protein of claim 12, wherein said nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 70% identical to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a nucleic acid sequence of Table I and a nucleic acid sequence of Table II.
 15. An isolated antibody that selectively binds to a protein as set forth in claim
 12. 16. A method to identify a compound capable of inhibiting activity of an isolated protein of claim 12, said method comprising contacting an isolated protein of claim 12 with a putative inhibitory compound under conditions in which, in the absence of said compound, said protein has activity; and determining if said putative inhibitory compound inhibits said activity.
 17. A kit to identify a compound capable of inhibiting activity of an isolated protein of claim 12, said test kit comprising an isolated protein of claim 12 and a means for determining the extent of inhibition of said activity in the presence of a putative inhibitory compound.
 18. A composition comprising an excipient and an isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim
 3. 19. A composition comprising an excipient and an isolated protein of claim
 12. 20. A composition comprising an excipient and an isolated antibody of claim
 15. 